Organization and Management Analysis Essay

Organizational and management analysis are an essential part of organizational environment. In the modern world, working environment characteristics are team work, delegation, information technology interfaces, which have an impact on the effectiveness of organization and management. This helps in cost reduction, decrease in environmental waste, improved employee satisfaction and an increase in overall productivity. To have an organizational and management analysis review of organizational charts, meeting with department managers, executives or board members, and an organizational survey is necessary (Jones, 2006). A multi-dimensional examination of organizational and management analysis gives a complete picture of the actual situation which can be a starting point. This paper is to describe various organizational theories, compares management theories and styles, and explains which organizational theory and management style resembles our organization. Also, this paper explains what could be changed to make our organization better. Organizational Theories Organizational theory is to identify how they solve problems and how they maximize efficiency and productivity. These theories mostly derived from the activities of successful organizations. All of these theories contributes to the overall understanding of management. As in any other theories organizational theories provide the basis for ongoing research and application of human behavior in organizational settings. Classical Organizational Theory Focus on the theories of efficiency. The components include scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Scientific management focus on getting the best from the people, equipment, and business. So that productivity can be increased. In this, the workers got scientifically selected, trained and taught for the work. On the other hand, bureaucratic theory focus on establishing a hierarchy, division of labor, rules, and regulations. In the current world, many of the managers think that bureaucratic theory is a hindrance to employees’ creativity. Administrative theory establishes a set of management principles and functions that applied to the organizations. This serves as a centralized  decision making approach (Coulter & Robbins, 2012). Neoclassical Organization Theory This theory emphasizes effective and sociopsychological aspects of human behaviors in an organization. As we see in many of the current organizations many of the managers motivate, lead, build trust, work with the team, manage conflicts is all based on the organizational performance approach. The way manager design jobs, work with the employees, the method of communication is general in the behavioral approach. Productivity increases in an environment with coherence of values and purpose. The key is to maintain equilibrium where subordinates respect and believe managerial authority (Chron, 2014). Contingency Theory This is a management approach that recognizes each organization as different, which means that each organization faces different situations and requires different ways of managing. This helps the management to understand that there are no universal rules for managers to follow. Instead of looking into the universal rules, the manager must look on to the individual situation and determine the best and efficient way to manage the situation ideally. Different changing circumstances require managers to use different approaches and techniques. There are no simple or complex rules to follow. Managers are able to take decisions based on the conditions (Coulter & Robbins, 2012). Systems Theory The system theory approach explains that organizations take information form the environment and transforms these resources into outputs into the environment. This theory explains the interrelatedness of all parts of an organization and how one change in one area can affect multiple other parts. In this, all the units work together to achieve the organizational goals. Organization depends upon inputs form capital, government regulations, suppliers, information technology, human resources, to receive the output of financial results, products, services and information (Liebler & McConnel, 2012). Organizational theory suits our Organization The organizational theory that closely resembles our organization is the  Contingency Theory. Adapting to the new changes in the environment is the basis for Contingency theory. This theory is important for managerial and organizational success. We have recently adopted Electronic Medical Records, and we are in the adaptation stage of information technology. Manager takes decision based on the current circumstances, which is logical because the units within our organization differ in size, structure, capacity, work activities, and goals. So a universally acceptable theory will not work in all situations. Different situations require different theories of management. Some situation the division of labor and bureaucracy is desirable which supports the classic theory. Other situations structural design becomes effective. Depends on the situation the manager takes the stand. Contingency theory claims that there is no best way to design an organization. There is no written rule on what is the best or the universal solution for the problems in our organization. There is no best way to organize a corporation or to lead a company. Also, the theory that works in our organization may not work for other organizations (Coulter & Robbins, 2012). Compares Management Theories and Styles Managers communication with the subordinates reflects a cluster of styles which the management styles. Managers use different style in different situations. Generally, we can see one style generally emerges as the predominant mode of interaction. Autocratic manager makes independent decisions without much input from subordinates. The manager clearly dictates what, how, when and where things for the employees there is no room for employee initiatives. An autocratic style is least effective and desirable for motivating employees. Another management style is the bureaucratic management style in which the manager follows the rule and ensures that the employees follow the rules â€Å"as well â€Å". They go by the book and the rules and enforced strictly. In this, the employees enjoy less freedom. No exceptions permitted. Participative management is which the manager makes the final decisions, but the employees are involved in this process. Both the manager and the employees involved in the decision making process. Decision made as a cohesive group interaction. Everyone might not accept managers decision. Another type is the Laissez-faire style in which the manager allows employees to manage their own work. No supervision provided. In this, the  individuals should be self-motivated. This can result in disorganization, chaos and lack of direction. Finally, in Paternalistic style the manager makes the decision to benefit the employees. Manager treats employees like children. In this style, the employees become dependent on their manager (Liebler & McConnell, 2012). Management Theory and Style suits our Organization In our organization, there is no one management style that fits to all situations. In my observation, the manager’s shifts form one style to another when they face different groups and situations. When it comes to the policies and procedures, in my observation it is bureaucratic style, top level managers are following autocratic management style, and my immediate manager has a participative style who consults with the employees for decision making. So far I have not encountered any Laissez-faire management style in our place. In the new hire orientation managers follow paternalistic style. For a successful manager, the management style depends on the given situation. If a work environment does not require any close supervision, the managers may select any styles. When employees are unskilled, autocratic style is most efficient. In the current world, changes impacts the manager’s task. It includes economic and political uncertainty, ethical issues, security threats, and changing technology. All these call for different management styles depends on the manager’s involvement. Changes towards Organizational Advancement Organizations deal with challenges in this worldwide economic climate, changing technology and increased globalization. A manager should understand the critical issues and use skills and abilities during challenging times in an organization. A great manager can change your life, encourage employees professionally and personally, energize people to overcome challenges and instill team spirit. Such a manager can make job enjoyable and productive. Manager should create an environment in which the organization members can work to the best of their abilities and think creatively. In order to make the organization better people should support, coach, and find meaning and fulfilment in work. Also have up-to-date information about the new innovative ideas. It is important to be competitive and sustain in the  business world. Develop the networking ability, communicate effectively and be sincere and genuine with others (Coutler & Robbins, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion as we have seen in any organizational performance, managerial ability is very important in creating organizational values. Different management theories and styles range from prohibiting staff from making any decisions to fully delegating the decision-making power. No management style is consistently effective. Situational factors should be taken into consideration in the selection of an effective and efficient management style. The study of organizational theories and management styles is essential in this modern organizational, working environment. References: Chron. (2014). Organizational Theory. Retrieved from http://http:www.smallbusiness.chron/organizational-theory. Coulter, M. & Robbins, S.P. (2012). Management. (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jones, J. (2006). How to Analyze an Organizational Structure. Retrieved from http://www.smallbusiness.chron.com/analyze-organizational-structure-11818.html. Liebler, J.G. & McConnell C.R. (2012). Management Principles for Health Professionals. (6th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Demographic economics Essay

Overpopulation is an issue which is constantly being debated upon, as the very aspect of humanity is at stake here. Paul R Ehrlich, Anne H Ehrlich, Frank Furedi and Vanessa Baird bring each of their unique perspectives to the table. Ehrlich and Ehrlich, in the abstract from â€Å"The Population Bomb Revisited†, believe that overpopulation is a problem that needs to be constantly addressed for humanity to survive in the long run. On the other hand, Furedi shares his views, in the article â€Å"Really Bad Ideas: Population Control†, about how he thinks the people that perceive overpopulation as a hindrance are the real problem here rather than overpopulation itself. Baird, from â€Å"Population Panic†, takes a neutral stand on overpopulation among the 3 authors. She does approach overpopulation with caution and yet is optimistic that the issue of overpopulation will get taken care on its own the way things are flowing. Ehrlich and Ehrlich believe that the natural resources humans have available to them are limited and overpopulation will only hasten the exploitation of these resources (65). Ehrlich and Ehrlich also warn that â€Å"it is an error to consider increases in human numbers as automatically expanding real wealth† as it can be seen in the case of China and India (64).Other problems due to overpopulation would be depletion of ozone layer due to exploitation of chlorofluorocarbons and increase in carbon dioxide emissions(66). Ehrlich and Ehrlich also believe that overpopulation will eventually lead to a resource war among ourselves as â€Å"the capacity of Earth to produce food and support people is finite† (68). The only way that we can escape without having to deal with the death rate solution would be to â€Å"entrain a general population decline toward an optimal number† (68). Ehrlich and Ehrlich believe that humans will have to lower fertility rates much further if they want to survive with adequate resources (68). Low fertility rates also lead to an ageing which is ideal as it is one that can easily controlled and managed (65). Furedi detests the very idea of population control. 1) Furedi points out that we are being hypocrites by spending a lot on healthcare and trying to make sure that people can live as long as possible but also blaming ourselves as a source of the world’s problems and trying to minimize the population by carrying out birth control measures.(1) Furedi believes it is the Malthusians, such as Ehrlich and Ehrlich, that are the real problem as they promote inhuman practices such as birth control to be given such great lengths of attention.(1) Furedi discredits Ehrlich and Ehrlich ’ global warming concerns by stating that without human species, the issue would resolve by itself (2)and so the â€Å"obsession with natural limits distracts society from the far more creative search for solutions to hunger or poverty or lack of resources†(5). He also claims that Malthusians strongly lower people’s confidence in fighting future problems(5) by giving people immoral solutions such as stopping to reproduce altogether. Malthusians also enforce the use of contraception for women in poor countries by disguising the whole thing and calling it counseling about family planning which is mandatory for everyone to attend(3). Furedi wants people to start believing in themselves again and begin having faith in humanity as a whole. Furedi believes that people will never reach the â€Å"death rate solution† mentioned by Ehrlich and Ehrlich if they do not sacrifice humanity. According to Furedi, overpopulation should never have been given this much attention and spotlight in the first place. Vanessa Baird seems to recognize that there are both positive aspects and negative aspects of trying to deal with overpopulation. She approaches this topic with caution as there are estimated to be about nine billion people by the year 2050(5). Baird is still optimistic in the sense that she believes that humans are well on their way to stabilizing the populations, â€Å"Fertility rates around the world are falling. If this trend continues, it will help stabilize global population size.† (Baird,5).Baird agrees with Fureti to a certain extent about people starting to blame overpopulation for all their problems, such as child abuse, murder and increase in carbon emissions and people implement more birth control measures instead of finding other solutions to these problems. Unlike Fureti, Baird does not seem to question the moral aspect of dealing with overpopulation. Baird also does agree with Ehrlich and Ehrlich also to some extent about implementing birth control measures as she believes that there are other benefits of lower fertility rather than just population control, such as more education since there is more money available per child when resources are not stretched as much anymore(7). Finally, unlike Ehrlich and Ehrlich, Baird believes that ageing population is not such a great thing as many problems do come with it (8).Paul R Ehrlich, Anne H Ehrlich, Frank Furedi, Vanessa Baird each had their own thoughts and views on overpopulation. Vanessa Baird saw the advantages and disadvantages of tackling this overpopulation. For Frank Furedi, this was never an issue to begin with. Ehrlich and Ehrlich want more emphasis to be given on dealing with the problem of overpopulation . Work Cited Frank Furedi â€Å"Really Bad Ideas: Population Control† spiked, 18 June 2007 Paul R Ehrlich, Anne H Ehrlich â€Å"The Population Bomb Revisited.† The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 2009, p.64-70 Vanessa Baird â€Å"Population Panic† New Internationalist, January/February 2010

Beowulf, the Tragic Hero

Beowulf, the Tragic Hero In the epic poem â€Å"Beowulf† the protagonist, Beowulf, portrays a tragic hero in a variety of ways. Although Beowulf was not a perfect being, he embraces many characteristics of a tragic hero. Beowulf’s ego put him into many difficult situations. For example the battles he fought against Grendel, Grendels Mother, and the dragon. Other then his enormous ego along with his cockiness that put him into bad situations, he also embraced the characteristics of a great leader that many looked up to.In many parts of the poem Beowulf performs many courageous tasks that no one else would even try, making him one that should be idolized. To start off, Beowulf plans out his battle with Grendel. In the very beginning Beowulf tells his people and Hrothgar that he wants to battle and kill Grendel with his owns hands. This part shows his over confident ego because he thinks he is so mighty and strong. While Grendel made his way to attack Herot, Beowulf preten ded that he was asleep just as Grendel would see.As it says in lines (739-746) Grendel snatched at the first Geat†¦ (Line745) He then stepped to another still body, clutched at Beowulf with his claws. Beowulf suddenly leaned up against Grendel’s arm attempting to get back at him. Grendel was very fearful and at that very moment he didn’t even want to kill, he wanted to get away. Grendel struggled until he was free, but he ran free without his arm. Beowulf ego once again ties into this because he claims that it was â€Å"fate† that he got away and was not his fault. On the other hand, Beowulf went out of his way to protect Hrothgar and his people when no one else would stand up.The second instance where Beowulf finds himself in another situation is when Grendel’s Mother demands to avenge the death of her son. She then decides to kill one of Hrothgars men, who so happens to be Esher, his dearest advisor. After finding out that he had been killed, Hroth gar had summoned Beowulf asking for help once more. Beowulf agrees and battles her at her wretched home. In this confrontation Beowulf decides yet once again to be on his own and defeat the nasty old hag. With one slash of his sword he gets rid of her and is repeatedly praised for his courageous actions. As mentioned reviously, Beowulf always put people before himself, which embraced his characteristics of a tragic hero. Last but not least, Beowulf battles the dragon. It began with a slave that had stolen a golden cup from the dragon’s lair. For the final time, Beowulf’s over confident ego ties into it one final time. We know at this point in time, that Beowulf is at an old age and is becoming weak. Therefore, he insists to fight the dragon by himself. Beowulf’s decision to fight alone is a reoccurring action, if you can not tell. Ultimately the dragon begins to beat Beowulf; his haughty attitude does not comply with his initial strength.At this moment in time, it leads to Beowulf’s downfall with his final attempt at battle. As he dies he finds the strength to slay the dragon hoping to save his people, one last time. With the death of Beowulf he achieves the fame he has always longed for. Beowulf’s courageous and brave actions along with his tragic death prove that he is a true hero. The events of this epic poem conclude that even heroes too are acceptable to tragedies. Although Beowulf was not perfect, he without a doubt portrayed the definition of a tragic hero.

Spanish Civil WAR, critical commentary on 4 primary and secondary Essay

Spanish Civil WAR, critical commentary on 4 primary and secondary source materials including literary or film sources - Essay Example The following discussion will examine the question whether or not the defeat of the Republic was inevitable. The sources for the analysis will include a variety of primary sources including a painting, a novel, a journal, and a newspaper article. Secondary sources will be employed to add context to these primary sources. Together this historical evidence will be mined for the causes of the Republican defeat in the spring of 1939. The conclusion will then return to the inevitability of the Nationalist victory. Comparing the aerial bombing of Guernica to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki or the Allied firebombing that engulfed Dresden, Oxford Professor Raymond Carr describes it as merely a minor act of vandalism. However,viewed in the context of 1936 it was a terrifying, revolutionary and effective operation. According to Preston, â€Å"Guernica was the first total destruction of an undefended civilian target by aerial bombardment.† (Preston, 2006, 5) Precise casualty figures remain a subject of debate amongst historians but on the seventieth anniversary of the attack the BBC summarized historical opinion, â€Å"The figures for the number of casualties in the bombing are still disputed, but most historians think between 200 and 250 people were killed and many hundreds wounded. â€Å" (BBC, 2007) Also, Guernica was the historic capital of the Basque nation and as such its destruction was designed to terrorize the Basque and undermining their resistance to the Nationalist forces. A second element of Prestons description of the event is also significant. Guernica was attacked by the Condor Legion, German aircraft and aircrew seconded to the Nationalist forces to aid in their victory and gain experience in aerial bombardment. Simply put, they were military professionals. Technologically, the Republicans could not match them. Guernica had no anti-aircraft defenses and the

Managing Human Resouces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Human Resouces - Essay Example ty, than the last one is Personal Objective, it is assumed to be the core purpose of HR and that is to assist employees in reaching their own goals and helping and assuring their contribution in the success of the organization it self. Lets move onto few more important steps of HR. "To raise productive efficiency and to improve the physical and mental conditions under which people work. The two goals are related in the sense that better working conditions may raise productivity, but this does not always happen. The emphasis differs among countries and among enterprises. Quality circles, for example, are designed primarily to raise productivity, while safety and health measures may be directed toward improving the working environment, even at the expense of output"(Galenson, 47: 1991). The most important thing to do in life is "Work" and one cannot do any such work in a long term, which is affecting the personal issues, it can be very difficult for someone to actually work an entire life with in same circumstances which are making life even more terrible rather than fulfilling the needs of that individual, the stress is inevitable in the lives of each and every one of us and just simply cannot move out of it though there are numerous ways through which we can reduce stress in life, it is all about managing and brining a balance in life and work, if the balance can be found than it would involuntarily bring stress under control. According to Cooper in 1999, "there is a considerable amount of activity in the field of stress Management, it is disproportionally concentrated on reducing the effects of stress, rather than reducing the presence of stressors at work"(p. 1). It is important to know the relationship between the work and stress, how could some one work effectively if he/she knows that in coming weak he/she would be fired How could someone work effectively if someone after knowing that in the next 48 hours he/she would have to work continuously because of some sudden problem We all simply can understand the basics required to live a healthy life. The stress and work has a direct relation with each other, the stress created by work is usually based on three characteristics of human nature, couple of them has been discussed but they are more formally known as Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt, these points are the results of previous redundancies or the happening things around such as change in company policies and change in the organization's culture, in the modern days Human Resources have gained more

Strategic Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Operations Management - Assignment Example On the basis of the relationship with the consumer, the company can capture new orders. This will give the ability to meet the requirement of customers and make the qualitative product. Price and delivery speed are also important factors that seem to be valuable in the stage of OEM. Prices and quick delivery are also a vital part of this market. At the stage of spares, competitive prices also have to set, and the delivery of the product must be fast and quick so to satisfy the customers. Demands of the customer can be change within the period it is essential to provide the product at the right time and reasonable price. It is also needed to focus on other sales that come during these two segments (Malaval & BÃ ©naroy, 2002). Automotive Market distribution of sales is in the way that 10 percent is covered by prototype, 60 percent by OEM and 30 percent by the spares. This market usually works in OEM stage at which the price and delivery of the product become more insightful. The aim is to decrease the cost of the product and produce within a specified time so control the inventory that is under production. This market is specialized in providing the services related to the product for quite long period. The company provides 12 weeks contracts with a material commitment for the same period. Price become less sensitive and demand become less predictable. The spare companies help in extending the relations with the customers. It will lead the product to be sold after the contracting period. Basically, this market will help to sell the product in the near future (Lipsyte, 2010). Industrial sales depend 10 percent on prototype, 45 percent on OEM and rest on spares. At the stage of prototype the orders are won on the quality of giving quick response to the inquiry of the customers. The proposal must include the reasonable price in accordance with the price of the identical product in the market. At OEM stage

Individual case study analysis(Money is not always the best reward ) Essay

Individual case study analysis(Money is not always the best reward ) - Essay Example The analyzed data has further been presented comprehensively to recommend strategies that would help in enhancing the performances of the employees. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Discussion 5 Key Issues identified in the case 5 Critically Analyzing and Evaluating the Case Issues 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 10 References 11 Bibliography 13 Introduction After being appointed as the CEO of a sporting and community club, Tim Johnson was bestowed with the responsibility of developing an innovative organizational structure as well as to implementing human resource systems for the effective performance of the club. During that period, the annual turnover of the club was more than $ 33 million with 75 employees which depicted the financial viability of the organization along with its size, augmenting the necessity to develop an organized and effective organizational structure. After his joining, Tim Johnson recognized that the management of the club was ineffective due to the lack of effective Human Resource (HR) as well as operational policies which is essential to yield superior performance from employees. Strategically, Tim Johnson conducted a survey on the employees and was able to identify that a lack of morale as well as motivation persisted within the workforce. Correspondingly, he formulated plans to develop and implement strategies such as position descriptions, systems related guidelines, job specifications as well as other HR and operational policies to be followed by the employees. Formal meetings were also organized with the motive of informing the employees about the change in the organizational structure. The HR and the operational policies were further intended to be legally enacted so as to ensure ethical viability within the reframed organizational process. One of the most significant changes brought by Tim Johnson in the philosophy of the restructured organizational process indicated an increased focus on improving the performance of the employees through empowerment rather than considering the monetary reward system. The discussion will thus emphasize on the identification as well as the analysis of various issues which have been identified in this case. The results of the analysis will further be used to recommend strategies which are required to mitigate the identified issues. Discussion Key Issues identified in the case In the referred case, the issues which were faced by the sporting and community club hampering the performance of the employees depicted that the club lacked effective leadership from the senior decision makers of the organization. Owing to the ineffective organizational structure and ill-organized process related policies, the organization had to face various problems related with lack of morale among the employees which further obstructed an enhanced performance from the human resources of the club. Lack of motivation to work in accordance with the standards specified by the management for the effective achievements of the goals was also observed as a restriction to the enhanced performance of the club. The club did not have Human Resource Management (HRM) for effective HR as well as operational polic

Theoretical and Empirical Interest in World Cities Essay

Theoretical and Empirical Interest in World Cities - Essay Example However, the fact remains that the concept of a ‘world city’ is not so simple as this. Often referred to as ‘global city’ or sometimes as ‘alpha city’, a world city happens to be a very significant and important node point in the entire system of global economy. It has been a subject of researchers and empirical studies since long and is one of the most researched areas in the field of urban studies. Geography and urban studies are what the concept of world cities originates from, while globalization is the basis of this concept, considering the fact that the idea of globalization takes into account the hierarchy of the geographic locales in respect of importance to the operation of the global system. It is not that a concept is formed in a day, especially when it concerns as vast an idea as ‘global/world city’. The development of the concept of world cities may not be as old as the global cities themselves. Again, it has also to be kept in mind that the idea of a world city is not just like another of the thousand novel concepts that should better be described as the byproducts of globalization in the modern age. The development of the concept of a world city or a global city has quite a long and rich history. The volume of research works by scholars in all countries in the world and the growing interest in the concept of world city testify to its immense importance in the world of empirical studies. The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss the factors related to the development of the concept of a world city and also to discuss the contemporary research that provides new insights into the hierarchy of world cities. Before we start exploring the development of the concept of a world city, we have to understand that development of the general ideas about a world city and the development of empirical interests in the concept of world/global cities are not the same.  

The Major Negative Effect of the Technological Developments Essay

The Major Negative Effect of the Technological Developments - Essay Example Air pollution also results due to the emissions from motor vehicles and it has been analyzed that the smoke from the motor cars tends to contain small particles. These small particles lay effect on the vasculature of human beings and promote cardiac problems. A study conducted by Dr. Robert Brook and his colleagues at the University of Michigan highlighted this aspect that the traffic smoke was very dangerous for the cardiovascular system. He analyzed that after individuals inhale particles in the smoke of vehicles, they experience a rise in their blood pressure which is accompanied by alterations in their vasculature after a day of the exposure. The heartbeat also increases (Park 2009). Â   Â   Â   Water pollution is also very harmful and it mainly results from the dumping of toxic wastes in the water beyond the limits set by the governments of the areas. In the city of Charleston located in the state of West Virginia in the United States, industries dump their wastes in the water which results in the presence of metals like nickel and lead in the water supply which reaches the houses of the individuals residing in the city. This water pollution can serve to have serious health effects on the individuals who come in contact with this water. This polluted water in Charleston was linked with skin lesions for the people in the city and it was analyzed that their normal functioning of the nervous and renal system may also be compromised. Furthermore, it was highlighted that this water pollution increased the susceptibility for the development of cancer. It is hence very essential that this problem of water pollution should be controlled as almost one out of every 10 Americans has had exposure to contaminated water (Duhigg 2009). Â   Â   Â   The pollution of the soil is also very dangerous. The dumping of chemicals results in polluting the soil which becomes a reservoir for diseases. In the United States, in California as well as Wisconsin, the fertilizers that are used are derived from the excreta of animals. These fertilizers not only contaminate the soil but also infiltrate the underground water.

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals Research Paper

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals - Research Paper Example It is reasonable to presume that number of adaptive mechanisms has evolved in marine mammals to deal with natural sounds; however it is still uncertain to state that those mechanisms are sufficient to compensate for the comparatively recent advent of anthropogenic ocean noise. Different approaches are adapted by cetaceans that are far better than those developed by terrestrial species at averting or managing the problems created by masking. (Wright et al, 2007) Regardless of these adaptations, they still have limits to mask with this noise. Sound waves travel further than light in ocean, unfortunately influencing large area of marine mammals. Auditory capabilities have evolved to supplement and/or replace the use of vision for many marine animals. The main reason behind this is that light does not travel very far in water. Although the sound in the ocean environment is a feature of marine mammal habitat, yet marine mammals tends to choose their locations and alter their behaviour positioned on natural and anthropogenic sounds. (Hildebrand, 2005) .Depending on factors, some of which are species, individual, age, sex, initial exposure to noise, and behavioural state, marine mammals shows great variation in the response to noise. Sources of sound in the aquatic environment can be natural or man-made, but the natural sources are not studied in detail because they could not be controlled easily. Therefore, the focus shifts to the management of noise made by human contributions to the marine acoustic environment, in which sound plays important natural roles. Wide ranges of sound are produced by human activities. These sounds are referred to as Anthropogenic sounds. Concern is now growing towards the influence of noise from human activities on the marine life. Yet, there is a conflicting understanding on how these anthropogenic noises affects at the individual or population level. Characteristics of underwater sound,

''Why We Crave Horror Movies'' by Stephen King Essay

''Why We Crave Horror Movies'' by Stephen King - Essay Example However, the guidelines of social morality and socially acceptable behavior, perpetually prevent us from unleashing these urges. Thus, we constantly strive to find, alternative and somewhat more acceptable ways of venting out our feelings of hostility and aggression; and in this quest of ours, we are magnetically drawn towards horror movies. Our Id -and the primitive lust for violence cherished by it - as the Freudians would remark, is able to achieve instant gratification through viewing the harrowing scenes depicted on the screen. Thus, it can be asserted that our craving for horror movies is in a way, a manifestation of the: anger, frustration and aggression that we experience in relation to the society around us. The following discussion will suffice to substantiate this point. It is a commonly observed fact that there is a disparity between our public and private selves. This dichotomy leads to a monstrously twofold existence. Our public self is governed by inhibitions whereas o ur private self constantly yearns to sever itself from the restraints of the more socially poised self. As opposed to the seemingly placid public self, the private self craves for anarchy and social rebellion. It is note-worthy that within each of us resides a spy or an imposter- forever struggling to remain hidden from the outside world. While viewing a grotesque scene or a horror movie, this imposter overshadows the much civil public self and assumes a dominant role.

The Taming of the Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The Taming of the Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay The sisters, Katherina and Bianca, are the principal subjects providing the main contrast in the play, The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare. Katherina is the fire-breathing, man-eating, despised, older sister of Bianca, the pleasant, beautiful, younger sister, adored by all. When she first enters the play, Katherina appears to be a very unhappy, volatile young woman. We are told that she scares men when Gremio and Hortensio proceed to tell us: Shes too rough for me; No mates for you, unless you were of gentler, milder mould; From all such devils good Lord deliver us! . This suggests that she is so aggressive that she puts off men, however good her looks may be. It is also apparent when she answers to comments like these that she is hot-blooded: To comb your noddle with a three legged stool and paint your face and use you like a fool. Bianca on the other hand, appears to be the perfect woman. It is as if she lightens up rooms with her dazzling presence. All men adore her and never say a bad word against her. When she first speaks in the play, her words are peaceful and loving: Sister, content you in my discontent, attempting to calm her sisters fiery mood. Their father thinks very highly of her and this is shown when she is asked to enter the room with Gremio and Hortensio: Bianca get you in, and let it not displease thee, good Bianca for I will love thee neer the less, my girl. Bianca has also much better relationships with other men as they all adore her beautiful looks and perfect ways. Most importantly however, is the relationship between Katherina and Bianca themselves. During Act 1 Sc 2, we see Katherina and Bianca enter fighting and arguing. Bianca also has her hands tied behind her back suggesting that Katherina is the more powerful of the two sisters. Also we see that Bianca is not violent at all as during their argument she does not try to throw a kick or have any violent outburst (she appears to have the level head): Or what you will command me will I do, meaning that Bianca will do whatever her sister will ask of her. Although she is upset by this outburst of her sister, she keeps the voice of reason, always negotiating. When Katherina meets Petruchio, her attitude towards remains stays much the same as her attitude to all people, always arguing and fighting and she can not stand the thought of getting married to a person who treats her in the same way that she herself treats others. If I be waspish, beware my sting, this shows how much Katherina is against the idea of marrying Petruchio as she is threatening him to be cautious of her. Bianca, however, has completely the opposite attitude (yet again) towards getting married. She seems much more likely to enjoy a happy marriage and looks forward to the idea of settling down with a husband, whereas Katherina seems to despise the idea. Bianca is also much more intimate with her secret lover Lucentio. They spend a lot more time together talking whereas Katherina and Petruchio are either arguing or not together at all, as they do not share a very intimate affair. The sisters, Katherina and Bianca, are the principal subjects providing the main contrast in the play, The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare. Katherina is the fire-breathing, man-eating, despised, older sister of Bianca, the pleasant, beautiful, younger sister, adored by all. When she first enters the play, Katherina appears to be a very unhappy, volatile young woman. We are told that she scares men when Gremio and Hortensio proceed to tell us: Shes too rough for me; No mates for you, unless you were of gentler, milder mould; From all such devils good Lord deliver us! . This suggests that she is so aggressive that she puts off men, however good her looks may be. It is also apparent when she answers to comments like these that she is hot-blooded: To comb your noddle with a three legged stool and paint your face and use you like a fool. Bianca on the other hand, appears to be the perfect woman. It is as if she lightens up rooms with her dazzling presence. All men adore her and never say a bad word against her. When she first speaks in the play, her words are peaceful and loving: Sister, content you in my discontent, attempting to calm her sisters fiery mood. Their father thinks very highly of her and this is shown when she is asked to enter the room with Gremio and Hortensio: Bianca get you in, and let it not displease thee, good Bianca for I will love thee neer the less, my girl. Bianca has also much better relationships with other men as they all adore her beautiful looks and perfect ways. Most importantly however, is the relationship between Katherina and Bianca themselves. During Act 1 Sc 2, we see Katherina and Bianca enter fighting and arguing. Bianca also has her hands tied behind her back suggesting that Katherina is the more powerful of the two sisters. Also we see that Bianca is not violent at all as during their argument she does not try to throw a kick or have any violent outburst (she appears to have the level head): Or what you will command me will I do, meaning that Bianca will do whatever her sister will ask of her. Although she is upset by this outburst of her sister, she keeps the voice of reason, always negotiating. When Katherina meets Petruchio, her attitude towards remains stays much the same as her attitude to all people, always arguing and fighting and she can not stand the thought of getting married to a person who treats her in the same way that she herself treats others. If I be waspish, beware my sting, this shows how much Katherina is against the idea of marrying Petruchio as she is threatening him to be cautious of her. Bianca, however, has completely the opposite attitude (yet again) towards getting married. She seems much more likely to enjoy a happy marriage and looks forward to the idea of settling down with a husband, whereas Katherina seems to despise the idea. Bianca is also much more intimate with her secret lover Lucentio. They spend a lot more time together talking whereas Katherina and Petruchio are either arguing or not together at all, as they do not share a very intimate affair.

Quantitative Research in Patient Safety Literature Review

Quantitative Research in Patient Safety Literature Review Recently, research has occupied a crucial place in nursing that is identified as â€Å"the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems† (American Nurses’ Association, 1980 p.9); thus, an appropriate understanding of research literature is a prerequisite for every individual who works in this area (Rees, 2003). Unfortunately, despite the fact that most of nurses acquire specific skills in research, only some of them manage to apply research data or research findings to practice (Bostrum Suter, 1993). This can be explained by the nurses inability to critique a research, evaluating its pros and cons (Krainovich-Miller et al., 2002). The aim of the present essay is to critically analyse two quantitative research literatures in patient safety. The first research is â€Å"Relationship between complaints and quality of care in New Zealand: a descriptive analysis of complainants and noncomplainants following adverse events† by M. Bi smark et al. (2006), while the second research is â€Å"Comparison of three methods for estimating rates of adverse events and rates of preventable adverse events in acute care hospitals† by P. Michel et al. (2004). Although many nursing studies have been conducted in the last decade (e.g. Johnson Lauver, 1989; Conlon Anderson, 1990; Norman et al., 1991; Brennan et al., 1995; Gross et al., 1995; Fieler et al., 1996; Bennet, 1999), they implicitly dealt with the issues of patient care; however, the studies discussed further directly relate to the quality of medical care in New Zealand and France. The research conducted by Bismark et al. (2006) evaluates the extent of injuries in the patients cured in public hospitals of New Zealand, or more precisely (as the title reveals), a correlation between patients’ complaints and quality of medical care. While the title is clue to the focus, the abstract gives more detailed information, identifying the major aspects of the research (objectives, design, setting, population, main outcome measures, results and conclusion) in a clear scientific style. However, the abstract does not indicate the research questions of the study; they are stated further in the research and are the following: 1) Do complaints track injuries, or are they prompted by more subjective concerns? 2) Are complaints the â€Å"tip of the iceberg’ in terms of quality of care problems and, if so, how representative are they of broader quality problems? (Bismark et al., 2006 p.17). Although the research by Michel et al. (2004) also refers to patient safety, neither the title, nor the abstract uncovers the theme in an explicit way. Actually, the theme is exposed further in the research; in particular, the study analyses rates of unintended injuries (defined by the authors as adverse events and preventable adverse events) in the patients cured in care hospitals of France. Similarly to the first research, the abstract in the second study briefly summarises the research and is divided into the same categories that uncover the essence of the investigation. In this regard, the abstract is an obvious strength of the analysis and it can serve as an example to other researchers who investigate various aspects of nursing. But the research does not specify the research questions either in the abstract or in the introduction section of the paper. Such a lack of specific questions certainly complicates the overall apprehension of the study. The authors could have proposed some research questions, such as 1) What are the major aspects of reliability, acceptability and effectiveness? Or 2) How rates of adverse events and rates of preventable adverse events can be properly assessed with each of three methods? These questions are of primary importance to the research, as adverse events and preventable adverse events can not be rightfully evaluated, if the major criteria of reliability and effectiveness are not properly discussed in the context of the research. However, the authors pay little attention to these aspects of the analysis. Despite the fact that the introduction section in both studies provides a valid explanation of the importance of the problem, neither of the two studies includes an overview of the previous research or specific reports. This neglect decreases the overall presentation and reduces the value of the presented data. However, the problems of statement are formulated in a concise way and reflect that the researchers narrowed the areas of research to the issue of adverse events in the clinical setting in order to get more accurate findings. In fact, this issue is especially relevant today when patient safety has become worse in many countries of the world. The justification for the chosen topic in the research by Bismark et al. (2006) is that the recent accident compensation system in New Zealand does not adequately examine patients’ complaints in all cases of adverse events. Pointing at the fact that â€Å"there is growing international interest in harnessing patient dissatisfaction and complaints to address problems with quality† (Bismark et al., 2006 p.17), the authors concurrently put crucial questions that inspire readers’ interest in the issue of patient safety from the very beginning. In the research of Michel et al. (2004) the underlying reason for initiating an investigation is that the limitations of the employed methods reduce the validity of the received findings in regard to patients’ injures within the hospital setting. However, the lack of appropriate background, theoretical frameworks, hypotheses and definite aims in the introduction section considerably limits the studies. This especially regards the non-inclusion of specific theories that usually back up the presented data. In this respect, both studies are theory-free; unlike theory-testing research and theory-generating research, this kind of research is less popular because it does not analyse any theoretical concepts that constitute the basis of practical nursing. On th e other hand, the studies of Michel et al. (2004) and Bismark et al. (2006) specifically focus on a practical problem-solving framework; that is, the present researches are aimed at identifying practical solutions to the discussed problems rather than discussing theoretical implications. The research of Michel et al. (2004) uses a quantitative research method that â€Å"emphasizes objectivity through statistical analysis† (Santy Kneale, 1998 p.77) and the quasi-experimental design that is considered to be more adequate and less biased than an experimental method, if an investigation is conducted within the clinical setting (Polit Hungler, 1995). Though objectivity is crucial for such kind of research, it would also be appropriate to combine quantitative and qualitative methods, that is, to combine objectivity and subjectivity (Phillips, 1990). The fact is that due to its quantitative method the study appears to be too analytical, too objectively-oriented; thus, there is a necessity to introduce some aspects of the subjective realm into the research. However, Parahoo (1997) supports another viewpoint, exposing the inadequacy of a qualitative method, especially in regard to a nursing research. The author points out that, applying to a quantitative method, rese archers are able to predict the final outcomes, while a qualitative method may generate unpredictable results. The data in the study are collected in care hospitals of Aquitaine with the help of three research techniques – a cross sectional method, a prospective method and a retrospective method. Such triangulation is aimed at â€Å"relat[ing] different sorts of data in such a way as to counteract various possible threats to the validity of analysis† (Hammersely Atkinson, 1983 p.199). In the present study triangulation corresponds with the terms of reference that provide appropriate relevance to the whole research (Shih, 1998). Identifying both advantages and disadvantages of all three methods in Box 2, the researchers contribute much to the reliability of the findings, despite the fact that they have not conducted a pilot study that, according to Carr (2003), intensifies the credibility of the employed research techniques. On the other hand, a pilot study is crucial for the investigations that utilise unchecked tools for research, as is the case with the present study, where the researchers conduct an evaluation of methodology. In this regard, a pilot study â€Å"helps to illuminate some of the problems of the research tool† (Santy and Kneale, 1998 p.80). The research of Bismark et al. (2006) is also quantitative with descriptive design. The baseline data are taken from the medical records of the New Zealand Quality of Healthcare Study (NZQHS) and the Commissioner’s complaints database. Further, multivariate and bivariate analyses are applied to the research to identify certain dissimilarities between complaints and non-complaints. Overall, the explanation of the research techniques and methods is a great strength of this study, as the authors provide a thorough description in regard to data collection and study design. Although the researchers do not define a hypothesis of the analysis, they, nevertheless, use dependent and independent variables to differentiate complainants from non-complainants. However, the limited space of both studies has not allowed the researchers to insert the samples of medical records and questionnaires that served as the basis for the research; thus, the methodology of both investigations can not be fully assessed in terms of the quality. Actually, the research of Bismark et al. (2006) and the research of Michel et al. (2004) employ primary sources (including official records) that explicitly relate to the subjects. But according to Burgess (1991), even primary sources should be critically assessed and â€Å"it is essential to locate them in context† (p.124). But neither the first nor the second study provides a critical evaluation of the utilised sources. In regard to ethical issues, they are not openly addressed in the studies; however, in the research of Bismark et al. (2006) there is a mentioning that the investigation was endorsed by the Wellington Ethics Committee. For Robinson (1996), such ethical approval is a necessary part of a nursing research, as any investigation deals with human beings who may experience certain difficulties during the research. On the other hand, due to its descriptive nature the present study does not necessarily need an informed consent or ethical considerations (Cutcliffe Ward, 2003), while the research of Michel et al. (2004) requires a discussion of certain ethical issues because of its quasi-experimental design. Some of these issues are patients’ confidentiality, defence of their rights and risk control (Pranulis, 1996). In regard to the latter factor, it is necessary for researchers to increase potential benefits and decrease potential risks, especially in such studies that involve a great number of participants, as is just the case with the research of Michel et al. (2004). Thus, it would have been proper for the researchers of the present study to discuss in detail subjects’ conditions and potential harm, particularly in view of the fact that nursing directly relates to patient safety within the clinical setting (DHHS, 1981). However, the ethical rights of samples are implicitly defended in both studies, as no personal details of participants are revealed. But the researchers provide no information of the ways the data were stored and protected before or during the investigation. Similarly, neither of the studies refers to informed consents, while this is a prerequisite for any nursing research (Alt-White, 1995; Berry et al., 1996). As for sampling, the study of Bismark et al. (2006) analyses two groups of patients: the first group includes people who made complaints to the Commissioner and the second group includes people â€Å"identified by the NZQHS as having suffered an adverse event who did not lodge a complaint† (Bismark et al., 2006 p.17). A two stage sampling process is initiated by NZQHS on the example of 6579 medical records. Although inclusion and exclusion criteria are not explicitly identified in the study, the researchers make it clear that they only choose the patients who suffer adverse events. In the process of analysis these patients are divided into two categories – complainants and non-complainants, though both groups are typical representatives of the larger population. In the research of Michel et al. (2004) the sampling includes 778 patients from medical, surgical and obstetric wards. This number of samples is appropriate for a descriptive study. Initially, the researchers chose 786 patients with the help of a two stage cluster stratified process, but excluded 8 persons â€Å"because they were still present on day 30, precluding the review of their medical records† (Michel et al., 2004 p.2). In this respect, the study does not clearly define inclusion and exclusion criteria, but some samples are excluded in the process of investigation. No obvious bias is found in regard to the samples; similar to the previous research, the samples belong to typical representatives of the larger group. In view of this fact, the sampling can be considered as fully reliable. In addition to authors’ comments, the results in the research of Bismark et al. (2006) are presented in figures, tables and boxes that are introduced as additional tools for clarification. This visual information reflects how the data are collected and measured (Figure 1 is especially accurate in revealing the cases of injured complainants and non-complainants). Although the authors do not specifically explain such a choice, they provide a detailed justification for the use of correlation tests that define dependent variables (a distinction between complainants and non-complainants) and independent variables (age, ethnicity, sex and other factors). Besides, the researchers weight the bivariate and multivariate analyses to acquire more accurate findings. The results in the study of Michel et al. (2004) also appear in both textual and graphic forms in order to enhance explanation. But the researchers do not attain the balance between figures and comments, putting too much emphas is on figures. Unlike the previous study, the authors do not use dependent and independent variables in their analysis; however, they employ paired X2 tests for the comparison of retrospective and prospective methods. Discussing their findings, Bismark et al. (2006) draw a parallel between the received results and the findings of the previous studies. Actually, many findings of the prior research are consistent with the present research (e.g. Burstin, et al., 1993; Studdert et al., 2000), while some findings contradict the earlier results (e.g. Tapper et al., 2004). To some extent, such a comparison justifies the lack of literature review at the beginning of the research and provides more validity to the overall outcomes. In general terms, the findings of Bismark et al. (2006) directly relate to the objectives of the study, gradually introducing the evidence that proves the authors’ initial suggestions. In particular, the researchers find out that 79% of all injures can be identified as preventable adverse events. In the case of the Commissioners analysis, 64% of the complaints are made by the patients who suffer adverse events, of which 51% are preventable adverse events. In regard to the NZQHS review, 315 cases of adverse events (out of 850 cases) are preventable, 124 cases are serious and 48 cases are serious and preventable. As for instigators of complaints, 41% of complaints are made by the patients, while 59% by their relatives or friends (13% spouse, 16% parent and 17% child). Evaluating the independent variables, the researchers reveal that the age of complainants is lower than the age of non-complainants; moreover, non-complainants mainly live in the regions with poor economic conditions. The findings in the research of Michel et al. (2004) also relate to the terms of reference, providing evidence that â€Å"the prospective method has several advantages over retrospective and cross sectional methods† (Michel et al., 2004 p.3). In particular, the prospective method better recognises preventable adverse events and is more trustworthy than two other methods. This is clearly seen in Venn diagrams that demonstrate the number of adverse events identified by each of three research methods. Overall, the findings in the present study are not properly discussed; however, the researchers discuss in detail the strengths and limitations of the research in the discussion section. For instance, as the authors reveal, reliability and effectiveness of adverse even ts rates are successfully estimated because the samples are assessed with the help of three methods. On the other hand, the researchers point at the possibility of bias that â€Å"may have been present due to the small number of hospitals and wards† (Michel et al., 2004 p.3) and because of the participation of the care teams in the prospective method. Besides, the reference list that the researchers utilised in the process of investigation might have errors that were not identified. Finally, the aspects of reliability, effectiveness and acceptability are not discussed in detail by the authors, though these are the major assessment criteria of the study. However, there are some obvious strengths of the research; unlike the studies that analyse adverse events either in surgery or medicine (e.g. Mantel et al., 1998; Waterstone et al., 2001), the present study examines various cases of adverse events in three areas – medicine, surgery and obstetrics. Similarly to this research, Bismark et al. (2006) also identify certain limitations of the study; in particular, the analysis of adverse event rates is rather confined, if medical record reviews serve as the basis for the research. The research also lacks definite ethnicity data for all complainants; thus, there is a â€Å"potential for measurement error† (Bismark et al., 2006 p.21). In addition, the authors do not provide any information as to the alternative research methods that can be used for the assessment of the relations between complains and quality of medical care. Drawing a parallel between the employed methods and the alternative methods, it will be possible to enhance the validity of the received findings. The conclusion in the research of Bismark et al. (2006) directly responds to the terms of reference; based on the received results, the conclusion suggests that elderly or economically poor patients rarely initiate complaints processes. The same regards the pati ents who belong to ethnic minorities (in this case – to Pacific ethnicity). The authors recommend to conduct a further study that will profoundly investigate the reasons for people’s refusal to make complaints in the cases of poor medical care. Moreover, the complaints greatly depend on the severity of injures and whether the event is preventable or unpreventable. In this respect, as the researchers conclude, â€Å"complaints offer a valuable portal for observing serious threats to patient safety and may facilitate efforts to improve quality† (Bismark et al., 2006 p.22). Unfortunately, no recommendations for practice are made at the end of the study, thus reducing the relevance of the received findings. On the other hand, as Santy and Kneale (1998) claim, â€Å"all research has some implications for practice even if the results have proven to be inconclusive† (p.82). In the research of Michel et al. (2004) the conclusion summarises the results that, in the authors’ words, â€Å"provide new insights into the epidemiology of adverse events† (p.4). Such a viewpoint is explained by the fact that the findings of the present study reveal the ways to intensify the implementation of prospective assessment in the clinical setting. However, the researchers only suggest the answers to the posed questions, avoiding any insisten ce on specific concepts or notions. Comparing three methods, the researchers recommend to use the prospective method for different purposes that implicitly or explicitly relate to the evaluation of adverse events rates. Finally, Michel et al. (2004) briefly discuss the prior knowledge on the topic and the knowledge acquired in the process of investigation. In regard to the prior knowledge, the assessment of adverse events was conducted in an analytical way that considerably limited the findings. In the present study the researchers receive more feasible results and identify that the causes of adverse events and risk reduction programmes can be successfully evaluated by the prospective method rather than by the retrospective or cross-sectional methods. However, further research is required, if the evidence received in this research is applied to practice (Barron Kenny, 1986; Scott Thompson, 2003). Overall, both researches are well-structured and are written in a scientifically concise style; however, as was stated above, the study of Michel et al. (2004) provides too much technical details, while analysing the results. Therefore, it is slightly difficult to read the research and, consequently, there is a chance that its findings may be ignored by a practitioner on the premise of misunderstanding. Although the research of Michel et al. (2004) is logically constructed, an unqualified person may fail to rightfully apprehend the presented data. On the contrary, the study of Bismark et al. (2006) is easy to understand because it lacks much unexplained jargon. Another strength of the research is the appropriate use of quotes in the discussion section; these quotes are directly related to the analysis and correspond with the ideas expressed by the authors, either refuting or confirming them. Employing this or that quote, the researchers provide a detailed interpretation of a certain concept; and for all that, the number of quotes is reasonable and they are rather short. On the contrary, Michel et al. (2004) do not utilise quotes in the discussion to support their arguments, though they use certain references. Despite the fact that the researchers do not explicitly recommend their studies to nurses, the overall findings can be especially relevant to nursing staff, as well as to the researchers who are involved in health care. Within a complex clinical setting nurses experience various difficulties because of the lack of appropriate practical knowledge (Treacy Hide, 1999; Polit et al., 2001). Thus, the studies of Michel et al. (2004) and Bismark et al. (2006) can inspire nurses’ interest in the ways of patient safety, as, despite their limitations and certain inadequacies, the studies pose vital questions that may increase the quality of medical care not only in France and New Zealand, but in other countries as well. Due to the fact that nowadays nursing staff is usually required to implement various aspects of research into practice (Christman Johnson, 1981; Burnard Morrison, 1990; Street, 1992; McSherry, 1997; Cormack, 2000; Rodgers, 2000; Hek et al., 2002; Cluett Bluff, 2004), the present studies are especially valuable, as they provide useful and valid information that extends the prior knowledge in patient safety. In further studies it will be crucial to discuss the received findings in the context of international implications and to pay more attention to preventable adverse events (Thomas et al., 2000). Moreover, it will be important to give some recommendations for nursing staff and those individuals who deal with patients’ complains (World Health Organisation, 1977; Gordon, 1988; Brink et al., 1989; Lindley Walker, 1993; Ferketich, Mercer, 1995; Northouse, 1995; Roseman Booker, 1995; Duffy et al., 1996; Madge et al., 1997; Vertanen, 2001). Bibliography Alt-White, A. C. (1995) Obtaining ‘informed’ consent from the elderly. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 17, 700-705. American Nurses Association (1980) Nursing: A Social Policy Statement. Kansas City, American Nurses Association. Baron, R.M., Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. 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A digital test for pelvic muscle strength in older women with urinary incontinence.Nursing Research, 38, 196-199. Burgess, R. G. (1991) In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London, Routledge. Burnard, P. Morrison, P. (1990) Nursing Research in Action: Developing Basic Skills. London, Macmillan. Burstin, H. R., Johnson, W.G., Lipsitz, S. R. et al. (1993) Do the poor sue more? A case control study of malpractice claims and socioeconomic status. JAMA, 270, 1697-1701. Carr, J. (2003) Improving questionnaire response rates. Practice Nursing, 14 (4), 171-174. Christman, N. J. Johnson, J. E. (1981) The importance of research in nursing. In: Y. M. Williamson (ed.) Research Methodology and Its Application in Nursing. New York, Wiley. pp.3-24. Cluett, E. R. Bluff, R. (2004) Principles and Practice of Research in Midwifery. London, Bailliere Tindall. Conlon, M., Anderson, G. (1990). 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R (1988) Tenacious assumptions in Western biomedicine. In: Lock M, Gordon D. R (eds) Biomedicine Examined. London, Kluwer Academic Press. pp. 19–56. Gross, D., Conrad, B., Fogg, L., Willis, L., Garvey, C. (1995). A longitudinal study of maternal depression and preschool childrens mental health. Nursing Research, 44, 96-101. Hammersley, M. Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London, Tavistock. Hek G., Judd, M., Moule, P. (2002) Making Sense of Research: An Introduction for Health and Social Care Practitioners. Sage Publications, London. Johnson, J. E. Lauver, D. R. (1989) Alternative explanations of coping with stressful experiences associated with physical illness. Advances in Nursing Science, 11 (2), 39-52. Krainovich-Miller, B., LoBiondo-Wood, G. Haber, J. (2002) Critical reading strategies: Overview of the research process. In: LoBiondo-Wood J. Haber (eds.), Nursing Research: Critical Appraisal, and Utilization. St Louis, MO, Mosby. pp.33-50. Lindley, P., Walker, S. N. (1993).Theoretical and methodological differentiation of moderation and mediation.Nursing Research, 42, 276-279. Madge P, McColl J, Paton J. (1997) Impact of a nurse-led home management training programme in children admitted to hospital with acute asthma: a randomised controlled study. Thorax, 52, 223–228. Mantel, G. D., Biuchmann, E., Rees, H., Pattinson, R. C. (1998) Severe acute maternal morbidity: a pilot study of a definition for a near-miss. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 105, 985-990. McSherry, R. (1997) What do registered nurses and midwives feel and know about research? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 5, 985-998. Michel, P., Quenon, J. L., Sarasqueta, A.M., Scemama, O. (2004). Comparison of three methods for estimating rates of adverse events and rates of preventable adverse events in acute care hospitals. British Medical Journal, 328, 1-5. Norman, E., Gadaleta, D. Griffin, C. C. 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New York, State University Press of New York. Studdert, D. M., Thomas, E. J., Burstin, H. R. et al. (2000) Negligent care and malpractice claiming behaviour in Utah and Colorado. Medical Care, 38, 250-260. Tapper, R., Malcolm, L., Frizelle, F. (2004) Surgeons’ experience of complaints to the Health and Disability Commissioner. New Zealand Medical Journal, 117 (1198), 1-122. Thomas, E.J, Studdert, D. M, Burstin, H. R., Orav. E. J.,

Reflection On Personal Development In Nursing Programme Nursing Essay

Reflection On Personal Development In Nursing Programme Nursing Essay This essay will illustrate how I developed from a novice to an expert in my three year nursing programme. This is going to be integrated into my chosen topic of management. Benners stages of clinical competence (1984) in conjunction with Dreyfus and Dreyfus student development model (1986) will be used to structure the essay. To enhance discussions current evidence based literature will be used to explore my strengths, limitations and experiences. Recommendations for future practice development as a newly registered nurse will also be explored. To respect peoples confidentiality names of clients, health professionals and Trusts will either be changed or not used in this essay (UK Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Management is monitoring and controlling the process of achieving your aims and objectives, standards and targets and reviewing the results (Forster, 2001). It is about effective communication, being sensitive and persuasive, making good decisions and being able to motivate your staff (Manion, 2005). I was attracted to this topic because I tried to implement recovery principles on placement and was met with stiff resistance from the manager due to generational differences in our nursing pre-registration programmes. This was in contrast with the Chief Nursing Officer who supports the values of the recovery approach informing the practice of all mental health nurses (UK DOH, 2006). According to McNeese-Smith and Crock (2003) nurse managers are facing a significant challenge in managing nurses that registered from different cohorts. This is because nursing programmes are always changing to meet service user needs and to adapt to new research (Hu Hodgin, 2004). According to Lloyd et al (2007) the model of skill acquisition by Benner (1984) shows how a student progresses in theory and practice according to exposure through five stages, novice, advance beginner, competent, proficient and expert. In the first year of my nursing programme my first placement was in an acute admission ward for older people. Next I worked with the District Nurses specialising in wound management issues. From here I moved on to an adult acute inpatient mental health hospital. Finally I worked at a school for children with special needs, where I had the most exposure. The first stage of Benner (1984) namely novice is described by Yancey (2005) as a beginner who has had no experience of the situations in which they are expected to perform. Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) state that at this stage students have no experience of real situations, they only acquire rules and protocols to guide their actions and performances. My reflection at the novice stage is that I demonstrated effective communication skills which are vital in management. This was so because while I was serving in the British Army I had a lot of training in communication as it was vital in my role. My mentor did not take long to notice this and commented on my intermediate interview that my communication skills were very good, please see appendix 2. I felt that at this stage I was a novice as I had never worked in a healthcare setting before (Benner, 1984). However as the year progressed I managed to develop another management skill, planning. Planning is a type of decision making involvi ng what to do, who is to do it, when and where it is to be done in order to arrive at a desired result (Hincliff Rodgers, 2008). I managed to develop this skill at a school for children with special needs. Here I learnt the importance of good planning as the team dealt with emergencies on a daily basis by observing registered nurses at work. I also had the opportunity to put into practice my planning, prioritisation of care and management of resources skills and they developed to a very good standard. According to Callaghan and Waldock (2006) a good nurse manager will be familiar with the workings of their healthcare setting by making themselves visible to the staff, asking questions and possessing good communication with their staff. The above authors go on to say that this helps foster good decisions and respect between that level of management and other staff. By the end of the year I had a fair experience of working in various healthcare settings meaning that I was no longer a novice but an advance beginner (Benner, 1984). Benner (1984)s model of skill acquisition describes advance beginner as the stage where the nurse has considerable experience in real situations which allows their performance to improve to a marginally acceptable level. According to Alligood and Tomey (2005) a student nurse at the advanced beginner stage views clinical situations as a test of their abilities and the situation placed on them rather than client needs and responses. They are also able to achieve some steps using their own judgement but supervision is needed for overall task (Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986). I believe I started the second year of my nursing programme as an advanced beginner (Benner, 1984). At this stage of the programme I went to varied mental health placements. The first place I went was a day hospital for older people providing out-patient healthcare facility. From here I moved on to an adult community mental health team which provided specialist assessments, advice and support, helping to establish clear integrated care pathways for clients (UK Department of Health, 2002a). This is where I had the most exposure. Next I worked in an adult mental health rehabilitation unit where the team encouraged clients to develop life skills that enabled them to function more effectively in the community. Finally I worked with a community specialist mental health team for older people. The skill I developed in my second year was delegation. According to Bittner and Gravlin (2009) delegation means assigning a certain task to another person providing proper authorisation keeping in mind it should be effective and result oriented. The above authors go on to mention that for delegation to occur a task must satisfy 6 rights namely the right task, the right person, the right time, the right information, the right supervision and the right follow up. During my second year placements with the community team I did a lot of delegating especially to the administration staff who helped the nursing staff with all their typing and other administration tasks. This allowed me to build my confidence that by the end of the year I was very comfortable with delegating tasks. I also noticed that by the end of the year I had developed to a competent practitioner due the experiences that I encountered (Benner, 1984). Please see appendix 3. Competence is described by Benner (1984) as a stage where a nurse begins to assess urgency of their clients needs and plan accordingly. They are also able to achieve most tasks using own judgement and copes with complex situations through deliberate analysis and planning (Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986). In my final year of study I worked in a mental health adolescent inpatient unit which provided multidisciplinary assessment, emergency admissions, family therapy, education and activity programmes. From here I moved on to my final placement in an adult acute inpatient mental health unit which provided holistic care. Their role was to provide a high standard of humane treatment and care in a safe and therapeutic setting for clients in the most acute and vulnerable stages of their illness (UK Department of Health, 2002b). During the third year of my nursing programme I had the most exposure in an adult acute inpatient ward which was my final placement. Here I got involved in all aspects of nursing management namely managing client care, planning the shift, delegation, problem solving, running the shift and being the charge nurse. My mentors comments attached on Appendix 4 prove that I had developed to a competent practitioner. On Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986)s skills domain I developed conscious deliberate planning which was a direct result of taking charge of shifts on numerous occasions under supervision from my mentor. I also got the chance to practice various types of management styles while I was the charge nurse. I also managed to run shifts successfully leading a team of registered nurses and support workers demonstrating that I was now developing to a proficient practitioner. The fourth stage of Benner (1984)s model is proficient where the nurse learns from previous experiences and knows what to expect in a particular situation and can modify plans in response to events. According Hargreaves and Lane (2001) a proficient nurse starts to view situations as wholes rather than parts and reflection on situations guides their performance. On Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986)s skills domain, the skills I demonstrated at this stage are the ability to adapt to changes, reorganisation of shift and handling transfer of service users detained on a section of the Mental Health Act (2007) under the same or different hospital managers. I was also able to take full responsibility for my own work and that of others where applicable (Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986). The last stage of Benner (1984)s model is expert where a nurse knows what to do based on maturity and their understanding of clinical practice. A nurse is able to take responsibility for their work going beyond existing standards and creating own interpretations (Dreyfus and Dreyfus, 1986). I did not fully develop into an expert but there were certain aspects of management I performed expertly. For instance every time I had the opportunity to be the charge nurse I managed to lead a team of highly experienced nurses and support workers effectively with no problems. I was also able to delegate duties to team members effectively considering the skills required for the duties I needed carried out. According to Bulman and Schutz (2004) reflective practice is a process of reviewing practice so that it may be describe, analysed, evaluated and consequently used to inform and change future practice. This part of the assignment is a reflection of what I need to further enhance my management skills as a registered mental health nurse. This will be integrated by reflection of government policies and literature that can be used in clinical practice. As a registered nurse I need to observe my working environment and then make an interpretation out of it through good reflection skills. By just carefully watching the dynamics of the working environment I will be able to develop the skills needed to effectively manage it. I also need to have self belief which enables me to be the shaper rather than the follower even when facing opposition (Department of Health, 2004a). Knowing policies and procedures of my workplace is essential as it allows me to understand my role and responsibility. Thi s allows nurse managers to guide day to day operations of the clinical setting without constant intervention from top management (Fradd, 2004). Additionally the above author talks about the key components of management competencies which are self-confidence, tempered with humility, developing high trusting relationships and effective collaboration. Research has proved the need for support during the transition period from student nurse to newly registered nurse (Whitehead, 2001). In light of this evidence I will undergo a period of preceptorship to ease my transition into my role as a registered mental health nurse. Crucially, lifelong learning which meets the needs of the service users and delivers the outcomes and health priorities of the employer is vital in enhancing my management skills (Royal College of Nursing, 2007). UK Department of Health (2001) supports life long learning as well stating that staff, teams and organisations they relate to and work in have to acquire new kn owledge and skills to shape and change things for the better. The ability to identifying the knowledge and skills that you need to apply in your post is crucial in enhancing your skill base (UK DOH, 2004b). I will also familiarise myself with different types of management for instance Laissez faire described by McSherry and Pearce (2007) as one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives subordinates as much freedom as possible. All power is given to the subordinates and they determine goals, make decisions and resolve problems on their own (Spinelli, 2006). With the experience I have had during my programme I will also learn more about Democratic management. According to Woods (2005) democratic management encourages those you are delegating to, to be part of the decision making by keeping them informed about everything that affects their work. I believe this model makes a team perform better as it makes them feel valued. To conclude Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986)s levels of skill development reflect changes in three aspects namely movement from reliance, change in the learners perception of the demand situation and a passage from detached observation to involved performer. There is one serious problem with Benner (1984)s definition of expert in that a person might meet the criteria for being an expert and still be consistently wrong or incompetent and their intuitive grasp of situations based on deep tacit understanding is just not good enough. Good managers exist when one has the ability to motivate others to purse high standards and long term goals through an approach defined by an open empowering culture where communication, strong values and mutual respect are paramount (Clegg, 2000). A good manager is one who unravels bureaucracy in the creation of opportunities and achievement of objectives ensuring that team is fit for the purpose, delivers clinically effective objectives and high quality service user care (UK DOH, 2000).

Discover The Adventure of a Lifetime in South Dakota Essay -- Tourism

Named for the Dakota branch of the Sioux Indian Nation, the State of South Dakota is a state that tells the story of America's westward expansion in a way that just can't be found elsewhere in the country. From gold strikes to battles with the Indians, South Dakota is one state that fulfills the typical Hollywood image of the Old West. However, visitors to this fascinating state will find that the story of South Dakota is much more interesting than any Hollywood western that they have ever seen. All in all, South Dakota offers visitors the adventure of a lifetime. South Dakota's Natural Attractions One of South Dakota's finest natural attractions is Badlands National Park near Rapid City. This national park comprises 244,000 acres of protected land that features wildlife like bison and antelope. In addition to this, there are numerous fossils that are found within the park that provide an interesting look into this land's geological past. With hundreds of miles of hiking trails and numerous other activities for visitors, Badlands National Park is one natural attraction that nature lovers will definitely enjoy. Another fantastic natural attraction in South Dakota is the Black Hills National Forest near Deadwood. This magnificent forest covers an area of 125 miles long and 65 miles wide and features some of the most majestic rock formations and canyons found anywhere in the United States. In addition to its rock formations, this forest offers some of the finest biking and hiking trails found anywhere in the United States. All in all, visitors to Black Hills National Forest leave with a deeper appreciation for the gorgeous natural beauty found in this region. South Dakota's Cultural Attractions Besides having numerous ... ...uth Dakota an adventure to remember for the rest of your life. Sources â€Å"Top 10 Vacation Attractions in South Dakota,† Choice Hotels http://centralus.choicehotels.com/south-dakota-hotels/top10attractions â€Å"Most Popular Attractions,† South Dakota.com http://www.southdakota.com/most-popular-attractions/328 â€Å"South Dakota,† Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota â€Å"Badlands National Park,† National Park Service http://www.nps.gov/badl/index.htm â€Å"Black Hills National Forest,† South Dakota.com http://www.southdakota.com/black-hills-national-forest/103 â€Å"Black Hills National Forest,† US Forest Service http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-ibL4Cz7AvIJ:fs.usda.gov/blackhills+black+hills+national+forest&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a â€Å"Wall Drug,† South Dakota.com http://www.southdakota.com/wall-drug/282

Personal Narrative- The Day My Sister Left for College Essay -- Person

Personal Narrative- The Day My Sister Left for College I had woken up extra early that morning to watch it all happen. To watch part of my life that had been ever so dominant disappear in a small gold 96’ Saturn. I watched it carefully, not thinking that these few moments would be our last, but that they would be the last that we were in some way equal. The day that my big sister drove away to college was the day my life changed. For the past 15 years, I had wanted to live and breathe whatever she did. A living shadow, I guess would be a good way to describe it. She was just so cool. Who wouldn’t want to be her? Flashbacks entered my head as my mom and dad scurried around for the last things to load up while my sister read off the never ending check list to the air. I guess I was supposed to be checking, making sure that she hadn’t forgotten anything, but memories of Barbie Dolls and Lucky Charms flooded my brain. It was about one o’clock when she finally pulled away, but not before saying her goodbyes. Humid summer wind blew her hair in her eyes. She started with our f...

Tanning

Welcome to Four Seasons Tanning, the quintessential consultant for today’s salon owner. From the hottest new arrivals in lotions, to the most advanced tanning beds on the market, Four Seasons gives you everything you need to run a successful salon, and for those thinking of opening a salon. Four Seasons Sales and Service is the one source solution. Saving time and stress by putting decades of experience to work to help your salon profit. Four Seasons Sales and Service is a professional indoor tanning distributor with over twenty years of industry experience that was founded in 1983 by twin brothers, Ronnie and Johnny Allen. Ronnie’s wife owned a small beauty salon, and she decided to add tanning as an additional business. At that time, they were one of the few individuals in the area with any experience on tanning products and tanning equipment. The business started when Ronnie and Johnny worked on their own tanning beds and began to repair other salons in the area. Before long, they began carrying tanning products to help their clients achieve maximum tanning results, and teaching them how to properly take care of their skin while tanning. This was the largest and fastest growing part of the business. What began as a business promoting products and services out of the back of their truck rapidly grew into a large-scale warehouse operation that expanded to shipping nationwide. Four Seasons Sales and Service also have proven management in distribution of and consultation on tanning products, parts, services, and marketing advantages, while also staying well equipped with first-class investigative, design, and problem solving skills. The Allen brothers always reinvested in the company, and prided themselves on taking care of the heart of the business; their employees. Currently Four Seasons Sales and Service provide approximately two-hundred full time professional specialists that are friendly and efficient, and are dedicated to partnering with salon owners to help them achieve their very best. Four Seasons is proud to be the only employee owned company in the Indoor Tanning Industry. This means that Four Seasons' specialists and team members have the ability to share in our company's success. Throughout this paper, you will read and learn about a team of incredibly productive and highly motivated individuals that will settle for nothing less than excellence.

Dual and Multiple Relationships and Boundaries

theme study 14 is an illustration of a clinical short permitter that has a strength suffering in terms of issue of objectivity and conflict of interest. Teresa world a master copy direction is entangled in a nine-fold kindred with her lymph gland. The honorable bring up is on maintaining the boundaries. The potentiality of Teresa crossbreeding them is high and precautions deem to be taken. correspond to Herlihy and Corey,( 2006), boundaries get crossed if there is variableness from acceptable practices thus putting the lymph gland at a risk of slander. some other(prenominal) ethical concern is on whether Teresa leave al cardinal adhere to the code of ethics as expected of a professional exponent with forbidden compromising to slightly temptations. Another concern is on how effective Teresa will be as a counselor in the way she detentions Chris problem because the potentiality of her being influenced by the fact that Chris become is her surpass friend, is hi gh.Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey, (as cited from Knapp and Verdecreak, 2003) state that a sexual soprano consanguinity is an absolutely noxious mooring that should be avoided by all office because the repercussions severely affect individuals negatively. However the bureau in the case of Theresa and Evelyns son, Chris has a low potentiality of upon peculiarly if Teresa takes some important pre-cautions.Compared to sexual-dual relationship, counselors are besides harmed or get stressed because batch force them to play different subroutines at the same time and juggling between them can be very difficult. Gerald, Marianne and Patrick ( as cited from Lazarus and Zur, 2002) state that some multiple relationships are not harmful and are unavoidable. This can be explained by the fact that none of the codes of ethics reserve non-sexual relationships unethical.This situation has a curtain raising of having a negative impact for instance evil of judgment by the counselor be cause of the saying of companionship between Theresa and her lymph glands mother, alongside this is the possibility of Chris not being open generous to talk about everything that bugs him for fear of manifestation to the mother by his counselor. He whitethorn want to hide some culture to protect him from the Teresa who is the mothers friend. efficaciousness in this case is questionable in the end, resulting in the client not getting the help he takes.My recommendation for Teresa would be to find another independent confrere to do the counseling. One who does not have affiliations of any kind to both Chris and the mother. I would advice her to strongly advise Evelyn that the potential harm or risk is more main(prenominal) than the hustle that comes with the 3km that she would have to do when madcap Chris to another counselor.This case can be ethi telephone cally resolved by the spare-time activity stepsa) Teresa has to weigh the potential harm that exists if she takes o n the counseling.b) Upon commencement of the counseling session, Teresa should call upon her supervisor or colleague at work to supervise how she handles the counseling.c) Another friendliness is that Teresa should explain about the risks to both Chris and his mother so as not to doze off her friendship to Evelyn and to make it clear wherefore she cannot counsel Chris.She should ask herself whetherAccording to (Gottlieb and Younggren) as mentioned by Gerald, Marianne and Patrick, Teresa should establish the necessity of come in into a professional relationship since the friendship relationship still exists. Secondly, she should find out any potentiality of harm to the client in the event that she enters into a multiple relationship i.e. both the friendly one and the professional one. Teresa should determine whether the dual relationship is going to add value to the situation and if it will influence the manner in which she will analyze the problem.Thirdly she is stimulate to le t the parties at stake exist the risks that come with multiple relationships and let the client to have a participatory role in the decisions made. Having done all these and there being no risk of harm Teresa should put every thing in writing showing consent by the client where the latter even appends his signature. in the long run the counselor should consult with her colleagues who support the decision.In circumstances where a non professional relationship is unavailable the counselor should make authorized that he does not cross boundaries or rather he just holds on to practices that are beneficial to the client. He should let the clients know about the pros and cons of dual or multiple relationships and should be prepared to expression arising conflicts and discuss about the same with clients.The counselor should be alert incase he finds out that he might authorize an impaired professional judgment or foresees harm, in which case he should reaching out to other professiona ls for advice on how to handle any problematic situation. Dual relationships need to be documented. The last option would be to recommend counseling services from another professional. Herlihy and Gerald, citing St. Germaine (1993), suggest the above procedures to protect the client from the harm.As I disseminate my duties I will always make trustworthy that I avoid dealing with clients with whom I have existing relations homogeneous friends, relatives and business associates. In line with this I would strictly maintain boundaries by refusing to converge gifts from clients, or exchanging goods and services for the services I render (Gabbord, 1994, 1995, 1996 Gutheil and Gabbard 1993). Finally, I would always occupy to the code of ethics and see to it that I dont breach any of them. I would always keep it professional through documentation and filing of proceeding for furtherreference.ReferencesBarbara, H., & Gerald, C. (Eds.). ACA Ethical Standards Casebook (6th Edition). Geral d, C., Marianne, S, C. & Patrick, C. (Eds.). ISSUES AND ethical motive IN HELPING PROFESSIONS (7th Edition.)