Retaliation and assassination Essay Example for Free

Retaliation and assassination EssayWhy might many Palestinian youths of your own age want to join terrorist organisations such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Hamas or Islamic Jihad, despite the danger of capture, retaliation and assassination? What choices would these youths confound to consider in deciding to join such an organisation? The conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis has lasted since beforehand 100BC. The conflict is oer which people really should own the say of Israel. Should it be split 50% 50% or should the Palestinians be do to leave. Israel is the link between the different continents of Europe, Africa and Asia. Without this connection trade may non take place as easily.The uncouth gets more or less of its money comes from the oil trade. Oil is one of the worlds most important resources and so, Israel is needed to keep many another(prenominal) countries running. This lowlys that Europeans Africans and Asians will always be there. Israel is also in various different industries such as cars, wines, farming and the chemical industry. Both the Palestinians and the Israelis hold historic claims to the set ashore, these date back to biblical measures. The biblical character of Abraham is the most significant to this long-term dispute because twain the Palestinian and Jewish travels descended from him.Abraham had two sons, Isaac and Ishmael. Each of these sons spawned a different new travel rapidly. From Isaac, came the Jewish and from Ishmael, came Arabic. The Jewish eat up suffered a great deal of persecution throughout their age in history. Christian blamed them for the death of Christ, the worst sin ever. Most recently were the events of World War II. The Jews suffered the most attacks and were utilise as puppets by Hitler for the extravasation and the consequences of the state of war. Many were executed in death camps such as Auschwitz during one of the biggest plenteousness genocides in history, the Holocaust.Th e Jews were also persecuted during Biblical times because the Egyptians enslaved them. God promised the Jews that he would feed them back to their promised homeland, Israel. God sent Moses to inspection and repair the Jews who retrogradeed them to Israel where they settled in around 1200BC. The Jewish race emigrated throughout the world for courses and years. They were a dispersed race who no longer had a homeland of their own. However, many remained resolute as to the fact that they were Jewish and were proud of it. The Jews experienced a great deal of persecution over the years, throughout the world as I construct said before hand.After this, it was decided that the Jews should arrive their own homeland. This was to return to their homeland of Israel. They were determined on returning to this homeland that can be seen in their final prayer that is used to conclude the annual Jewish festival, the Day of Atonement. The prayer reads Next year in Jerusalem. This proved their asp irations of a return to their homeland. However, the Jews were faced with a very demanding problem. During the 7th century, the Arabic race claimed control of the country and renamed it heaven.They proclaimed the new Palestine as their own homeland. A man called Theodor Herzl started a project to form the first Zionist movement. The aim of his new movement was to establish a mass Jewish settlement in Palestine. However, he was to fail to meet this requirement. He became the president of this New World congress of Zionists. His work was mainly based on persuading the likes of Turkey and Britain to corroboration his cause. Theodor Herzl was successful in gaining the trust of the Turks who eventually sided with the Germans against the Arabs in World War One.However, the British preferred to financial support the Arabs, who wanted to reduce the support for the countries opposing them. However, the British soon became liable to persuasion. This was due to the money the Jewish race, par ticularly based in America at the time, had to offer. They had inherited this from previous generations. This would have been of great benefit to the British because the American-based Jews could have persuaded the Americans into the war. As a result of these issues, three agreements were made. * Balfour Declaration- this promised the Jews that their promised land of Israel would be returned to them on two conditions.These were that they persuaded America to join the war and that they maintained the support of Russia as an ally. * The Sykes Picot agreement- this was a secret agreement that was written up between Britain and France in which it was agreed that they would sh atomic number 18 the land gained when they overthrew the Turkish army. * The McMahon agreement- this promised the support of Lawrence of Arabia in helping the Arabs to revolt against and overthrow the Turks. As a result, they would be given their own, undisputed homeland. These agreements began to cause problems.Th e League of Nations were handed the responsibility of controlling the land of Palestine, mainly England and France. Both the Arabs and the Jewish to give control of the land to them put pressure upon the League of Nations. The Jewish population of the world saw their chance to return to their homeland of Palestine, which they preferred to call Israel. Many Jews from around the world began to immigrate back to Palestine. This emigration of the Jewish population continued steadily over the following few years. The United Nations suggested a solution to the dispute over the land of Palestine after the Second World War.In 1947, they put forward a proposal to divide the land into three parts. Two of them would be equal and would divide Palestine into an Israeli and Arabic section. However, the capital of Jerusalem would be remaining as a neutral city. This would city would be controlled by the UN and could therefore be used for important matters of country welfargon and economy. This c ity could be used as an international trade centre for the export of oil. The Jewish accepted this proposal but the Arabs rejected it. The Arabs, in their increasing restlessness with the Israelites, came together from opposed lands.They mainly came from nations such as Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan and Iraq. They began to debate with the Jews over certain areas of land. This, along with other factors contributed to the two races having four wars in the space of 25 years. Unluckily for the Arabs, this was a big mistake because The Israelis wealth meant that they could afford the unsurpassed war technology. This money also meant that they could train new soldiers for the next war. Factors such as these gave the Jews the edge in the wars between the races.The Jews came out on top they were victorious in all four wars. This gave the Israelis a greater degree of control over Palestine. The Jews shortly re-renamed the country of Palestine, Israel. As their control increas ed because of these wars, started by the Arabs, they quarterd the Palestinian inhabitants into refugee camps. This is a very real problem that still faces the Palestinians of today. After the wars, a mutual nipping hatred developed between the Palestinians and Israelis over who held the strongest claim to the land. This is a very long-term and real argument that continues to this modern age.The overwhelming former and military force available to the Jews means that the Palestinians are unable to match them. The Palestinians feel that they have been un entirelyly labored out from their own land. They hope to one day, have the power to overthrow the Jews and return to the very soil of Palestine that is sacred to them and was to their ancestors thousands of years beforehand. The Palestinians were extremely humiliated by the fact that they were unable to stop the Jews from taking their land. The Palestinians were forced to live off of UNWRA rations.The conditions in the refugee camp s are appalling and diseases are quick to proliferate. They felt that the westerly world was turning a blind eye and that they would have to take matters into their own hands. The Palestinians concluded that the UN was failing to direct world issues to an adequate extent. They assumed that the UN were only too quick to become involved with the punishment of Iraq for their problems in dealing with their neighbouring country, Kuwait. The Palestinians found this to be very unfair and increased speculation among the Arab world that they had to deal with their desperate issue individually.This is why the Arab world resorted to terrorism, because it proved a point and raised consciousness as to the problems that the Arabs were facing in Israel. Loads of Arabs also feel as if they are commonly treated as rouges and are made to pay for such massacres as the holocaust and the Dreyfus affair in France. The exhilaration of representing their race may also have appealed to a youth. All of thes e factors mean that a youth is lead to believe that they have no substitute but to fight. They see themselves as freedom fighters not terrorists and so are not unenthusiastic to join.They also believe that they have nothing to lose seeing as they are skirmishing to salvage land that has already been lost and that nations such as America and Britain provide the financial support. A huge number of Palestinian youths of approximately 14 years of age would have wanted to join such terrorist organisations as the legendary Hamas. Unavoidably in the wars, the two races had fought they were pushed out of their homes into refugee camps. Some of these refugee camps have low-grade living environments and diseases can multiply easily. Families will have lived in these refugee camps for long periods of time.This will have been long enough to bring up a child. The Palestinian youths will have been trained the common Arab attitudes towards the Jewish race from a very young age. Such as, their pare nts would have explained to them how the Israelis took their assets and land was taken away from them. This might have encouraged the youth to fight so that they made up for the four wars. Their parents will have inaugurated their own opinions into their children. These opinions would have been very tough in the heart of the child and they would have tremendous hatred towards the Jews.This would have sparked and cultivated the childrens own perspectives as to how monstrous the Israelis were, like an attitude of hatred towards the Israelis. The youth may have thought that because no one was willing to help their cause they would solve the problem their selves. Adolescents might have felt alienated if they didnt join up to a terrorist organisation. I am sure that peers as head as parents encouraged the youths to sign up to a terrorist organisation like Hamas or Alaxa. Countless youths have been brought up to mistrust the peace talks of their Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat.Numerous families might have chosen to bring up their children in this way because they feel that peace would not solve anything because so many other Palestinians had died in the last couple of years. They might feel that peace is not enough vengeance towards the Israelis who killed many Palestinian figures such as Deir Yassin, Sabra and Shahla. This will just encourage the youth to hate the Palestinians even more. Instead, a Palestinian youth could always take a political route towards the conflict and devastation.Many groups such as the Palestinian Labialisation Organisation (PLO) led by Yasser Arafat offer to help the youths of Palestine. These groups believe in peace, which can be obtained through negotiations and discussions. This process is ideal for the western world because of its loss of threat and the amount of deaths. Members are not at as much risk as those are in terrorist organisations like Hamas or Alaxa. This system has proved to be a great deal more productive than using t errorism because more has been achieved. People still believe that abandon is the only way to win.Another way for a youngster to express their aspiration for peace would be to sign their name on the Progressive dip for Peace in the Middle East. This aims to achieve teamwork between the Arabs and Israelis in sorting out their differences and accomplishment some kind of declaration over the disputed state of Israel. Families and friends, however, might strive to dissuade a youth from joining a campaign because it is not a way of settling the scores and they would be considered to be traitors. Even though there are six main Arabic terrorist groups, they all share the same common goal.This is to cause fear in put in to make a point. The point is to make the world aware of their problems in Israel and to make the worlds citizens think about why people would sacrifice their lives for their Homeland. The six groups are Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Alaxa, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Abu Nidal Organisation. They have different styles of making people hate and fear them throughout the world and because of this they have killed hundreds of transparent people from many different cultures. Israel has a secret service and they can find out who is a member of a terrorist organisation.Prior to a youths purpose to join a terrorist group, they must think about their options and their penalties. For instance the first main question they must chose to answer is what organisation do I join. This is a vital question because, if they ever chose to leave, many organisations will decline this request because the person knows so much information on their group. If you would still wanted to come in that organisation they would probably kill you so you dont spread the information. The organisations say that youre with us or against us.People would lose their freedom because people would try to kill them on the streets and they would have to disguise or hide themselves. The last option for a Palestinian youth would be to leave these problems behind and leave Israel. This would not be of any benefit to Israel because it is not solve the problem. This could be a way out for the youths as they are not at jeopardy in the bordering Arab countries such as Egypt. From here, they could support the Arab cause without risk of losing their lives by convincing Europe and other superpowers to join in the struggle for a homeland.The youth could also have a better education and life in such countries as England, France and the USA. Numerous Palestinian youths are faced with such a serious question, should they fight for their country. They have a wide range of choices none of them are easy. Should they FIGHT In order to solve this conflict, there must be debates in the coming(a) and somebody must take charge of the country. The Palestinian and Israeli youths are the future, maybe if they all stopped fighting the wars would stop. I believe over time the Israelis and Palestinians will merge as one race.

Single-sex schools are better due to its psychological reasons Essay Example for Free

Single-sex schools argon unwrap due to its psychological reasons EssayI)IntroductionThesis Statement whatever people believe that single-sex schools are better because of educational reasons and psychological reasons, while others believe that mix schools are better.II) Single-sex schools are better due to its psychological reasonsGirls realize fewer constraints over how they must act if males are present they dont get shy to freely discuss any of their views they deal with temperament and does not fabricate. fit in to CHRISTIE GARTON, founder, and CEO of 1000 dreams fun single-sex schools foster better female-to-female relationship, which creates a sense of mutual empowerment and community. Girls briny concern is their looks1)when there are males in class, girls focus on their physical appearances like styling their hair, wearing makeup and their outfit which takes a lot of time in the morning to get prepared and during the class have to constantly check their look this may eventually lead them to lose their concentration in class.2)According to Dr. Linda Henman a passionate proponent of single sex-gender schools believe that it provides fewer distractions, so the students can focus on academics.III) single-sex schools are better due to its educational reasonsA)performance in single-sex schools is better than mixed schools.1) Girls will understand to the fullest thats to say, they dont hesitate to raise their hand and ask a question link to the chapter the teacher is discussing even if the question is silly she will not get embarrassed if it is silly therefore she cleared all her doubts.2)According to Christine Garton, a huge embark on of promoting womens global success is fostering an environment where girls feel completely comfortable speaking up, voicing their opinions and being heard.B) There may be competition between the girls and boys.1) sometimes boys master at some subjects like math and this will make girls to lose their belief in their abi lities which will change magnitude self-efficacy and performance while in an all-girl environment, competition differs as girls are in the same level of math so this increase competition among them to put to a greater extent effort in math and get good grades.IV)mixed schools are better due to psychological reasons.A) learning to deal with the other gender.1)females who are not employ to address males before may find it difficult to coexist or communicate with boys thats to say she would be shy and nervous when talking with them tho in mixed schools she is already familiar with how to deal with them so when she enters college or work phase, there will not be any barriers between their collegues2) According to Samira M ,who invented CoderBunnyz girls will eventually have to work side by side with boys. So its better to start working with them early.B)V)Mix schools are better due to its social reasons.A)Girls would know how to deal with different personalities.1 )they will learn ab out each other way of thinking so that they will be able to understand each other later.2)According to Professor Simon Baron-Cohen A strong reason for co-education is that separating children for numbers of years means they will not be mixing and learning about each other.B) In six schools there is no bullying.1)In an all boys environment bullying is more anxious which means a boy will be shy to fight with another boy in front of girls this may make him look strong-growing and encourage violence and girls may move away from him.VI)conclusion

Automatism and Veristic Surrealism

Automatism and Veristic SurrealismSurrealism was a means of reuniting conscious and unconscious(p) realms of experience so completely, that the origination of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday rational macrocosm in an absolute reality, a surreality. Andre Breton, a major spokesman of the straw man gave this proclamation as the principal fonether of Surrealism. This paper bequeath st artwork off by explaining the main influences on Surrealism art The ethnic Movement called Dada, the principal founders of Surrealism Andre Breton, Sigmund Freud and a psychiatrist, Carl Jung. twain separate forms of expression in Surrealism arose through different conceptual theories which derived from specific formations such as daddy and the theories of Breton, Freud and Jung. Through the clarification of the founding and influences on Surrealism, the query headland Surrealism art and the comparisons of the cardinal formations of Automatism and Veristic Surrealism will be r esponded.The founding of the Surrealist movement has a great deal to do with the development of the two eccentric groups Verisitic surrealism and Automatism. The beginnings of the Surrealist movement and how it derived from the Ideas of the Dada movement in World War I will be explained in the beginning section of this paper. The Dada movement was a cultural movement that came to believe that the true cause of the war arrived upon the thought processs of excessive rational panorama and bourgeois values. Surrealism flourished as a reaction to dadaism, but rather than the interdict approach Dadaism had, Surrealists developed a constructive approach in sharing their beliefs of rational thought to society.Surrealism has been greatly influenced by Andre Breton a French author and poet, and the discoveries of Sigmund Freud and his co-workers. During the war Andre Breton trained in medicine and psychiatry where he used psychoanalytic methods of Sigmund Freud, with the aim of trying to expand the potential of the heed by harmonise the opposing states of dream and reality.2 Freud was able to develop techniques allowing individuals to release their imagination through his exertion of work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious, which ultimately became of great importance to the Surrealists. Their accomplishments and investigations will be discussed further to form a basis of fellowship of the founding of Surrealism in order to be able to understand and compare Veristic Surrealism and Automatism to the fullest.In the succeeding(a) section Carl Jung will be discussed in relation to the formation of Automatism and Veristic Surrealism. A Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, was the founder of analytical psychology. Carl Jung was the first modern psychologist to deeply inquire the gentleman mind and stated that our minds are in nature religious. He profoundly explored dream analysis as did Sigmund Freud. Jung stated that the im geezerhoods of th e subconscious mind should be original as they came into consciousness and non be judged rigorously so that the photographs could be accurately evaluated. This principle is what founded the surrealism style of Automatism and is therefore a significant element to this paper.The automatisms came to express themselves in the epitome tradition, season the Veristic surrealists expressed themselves in the symbolic tradition. As a result of extracting the resemblance and contrasts in the judgments of the Veristic and Automatist groups, the research question will almost efficiently be answered.Two famous artists Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dal, arrived from the principal ideas of Surrealism, yet they had very different modes of approaching their art styles which were formed by two different groups Automatism and Veristic Surrealism. The whole kit and boodle of Dali and Picasso will be compared thoroughly in this paper to further emphasize the distinction of the two groups. Picasso us ed and believed in the Automatism form of surrealism while Salvador Dal was a practitioner of the Veristic form of Surrealism. Picassos work developed into a much than primary form of art rather than the traditional artistic practices where preciseness was essential. A majority of his work was based in the notion that childrens ingenuity can present us directly to the unconscious. Salvador Dals work juxtaposes anachronistic images which developed more directly from Dadaism. Dal profoundly believed that art should be studied and mastered, and that expression of the unconscious would become visible from metaphor.An important quality to surrealist works is the element of surprise, where often images are used with apparent lack of relative meaning in comparison to its context. Surrealism art is created through the subconscious mind with its use to create incomprehensible visual imagery. Relying greatly on theories from Sigmund Freud, Breton stanceed the unconscious as the source of our imagination. The Surrealist movement carries on thriving throughout the world with persistent thought processes and investigations into the mind which have produced some of the finest art ever seen. 1 With this thought kept at the back of ones mind while reading this paper, the exhilarating question of the importance of Surrealism and how it came to evolve to two separate forms Automatism and Veristic Surrealism will be carefully examined.DadaismThe Dada movement was a cultural movement which flourished in the twentieth century between world war I and II. They were known for questioning political culture in order to test the human mind and scrap it to view things in an entirely different manner than used to. The principal growth point of Surrealism was the founding of Dadaism during World War I, when famous artists and writers ab initio from Paris spread and became part of the Dada movement.2 The Dada movement created works of anti-art prior to World War I, which purposely def ied reason. Surrealism emphasis was not on abolishment of popular culture but on reinforcement of the power of positive expression of the mind. The Dada movement expressed a response against what they perceived as the destruction shaped by rationalism in the past which lead European culture and politics and began the terror of World War I.1Due to the Dadaism attack on society at the end of the First World War, the Surrealist movement gained momentum. Tristan Tzara, the leader of the Dada movement aimed to attack society through malicious gossip. Tzara strongly believed that art is not worthy for a society that creates war. Therefore he decided to give society anti-art which is defined as ugliness rather than beauty. They intend to insult the new industrial commercial world, however they werent insulted, but instead thought that their rebellion was directed to the old art and patrons of feudalism and church domination.The Surrealist artists were those that did not embrace anti-art which got rid of what all artists have learned and passed on about art. Surrealism split into two separate groups in the 1930s when artists expressed themselves in the more symbolic or abstract tradition. These two groups were the Automatists and the Veristic Surrealists.2 The artists in the movement studied the works of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. To understand the Veristic and Automatist surrealists, the work of Freud and Jung will be analyzed in the bordering section.Andre Breton and Sigmund FreudAndre Breton, a French writer and a poet, was the principal founder of Surrealism. Throughout World War I, Breton skilled in medicine and psychiatry at the neurological hospital, where he employed Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic techniques with soldiers suffering from shell-shock. Using the psychoanalytic studies of Sigmund Freud, the surrealists attempted to increase the minds potential by integrating the separate states of dream and reality. Breton and his companions tried to tar fun ction themselves in a hallucinatory state, in which they thought they were able to perfectly obtain their subconscious minds and extract pure thoughts, uncontaminated by the conscious mind and its rational restrictions.2Freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious, was essential for the Surrealists so that they could discover new ways to liberate the minds thoughts. They embraced unusual behavior, while rejecting its chance of mental illness. They forceful the reality that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical and startling effects. In 1924, Breton included the idea of the juxtapositions in his manifesto a juxtaposition of two more or less outback(a) realities. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be the greater its emotional power and poetic reality.The literary journal Littrature contained a published record of dreams and writings of their experimentation of smart writing, written by Andr Breton, Louis Aragon and Philippe Soulpault. Automatic writing is where they were able to write and draw impulsively without containing their judgment.While they developed their theories and continued publishing, they concluded that Surrealism sustained the idea that common expressions are essential, but that the logic of their understand must be fully open to the full imagination. In the end, the movement intended to change and modernize human understanding and experience, in all aspects private, cultural, social, and political. They ultimately aimed to release citizens from false wisdom, and restrictive customs.Carl Gustave JungCarl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) a psychiatrist from Switzerland was significant in the analytical movement. Freud laid the scientific al-Qaeda for Jung to investigate further how the unconscious reveals itself though symbols. To recognize and understand his dreams, Jung painted and sc ulpted his own visions.Jungs theory of the human mind consisted of three fractions the ego (conscious mind), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious which we yet can never be directly aware of is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. It manipulates all of our decisions indirectly, particularly the emotional ones.Automatism was termed as Jung stated that one should not judge the vision of thoughts, but accept them purely as they are for personal and proper analysis. The suggestions of these new psychological theories captivated many artists. From the theories they were able to recognize that the unconscious has essential messages for the conscious mind, and that it is at first perceived through images while in the end communicated through language.Surrealist artists sought after the relation between the abstract spiritual realities and the actual forms of the material world in their work. The object in actuality stands as a metaphor for an inward deeper truth. By analyzing their art work, artists could bring the inner realities of the subconscious to the conscious mind, so that their implication could be made sense of.Therein lies the social significance of art It is constantly at work educating the spirit of the age, conjuring up the forms in which the age is more lacking. The unsatisfied yearning of the artist reaches back to the primordial image in the unconscious, which is best fitted to compensate the inadequacy and one-sidedness of the present. The artist seizes on this image and, in raising it from deepest unconsciousness, he brings it into relation with conscious values, thereby transforming it until it can be accepted by the minds of his contemporaries according to their powers.Automatism Veristic SurrealismMichael S. Bell, a specialist in American Art, has been a major voice in the academic art world to distinguish Visionary Art. He researched the Surrea list phenomena where he recently was the first to discover two separate forms of expression in surrealism Automatism and Veristicism. Automatism is a form of abstraction. It has been the only type of surrealism accepted by critical reviewers after the war.6 While both groups point of view stayed the same, their foundation was different due to their diverse interpretations of the works and experiments of Breton, Freud and Jung.Automatism Automatism is mainly for the intention of self analysis where like Jung stated, one does not evaluate the image of the subconscious but accepts it as they come into consciousness so that it can be accurately analyzed. For the Automatists, Surrealism was interpreted as a control of the consciousness which supports the sub conscious. Automatists were more concerned about the true feelings rather than the analysis itself. It was their automatic way in which their subconscious reached their conscience. Rather than what was really there they focused on emotions and feelings that took egress before the final image, therefore their paintings were also a lot more abstract in comparison to the Veristic Surrealists.Although free expression of feelings had always been an important pointor out in the history of art, the Automatists didnt believe in it.2 To them, abstractionism was simply the only approach that was able to carry life to the images of the subconscious. Automatists took a more Dadaist approach where they presented scandal and disrespect towards those that were privileged and thought that through lack of form in their art, they were rebelling against them.Automatism is an abstract artistic form greatly influenced by Carl Jung Sigmund Freud. The most significant painters of abstract Surrealism or Automatism were Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro and Andre Masson.The automatic drawings of Andr Massons in 1923, are often used as an illustration of the point of recognition of Surrealism and the break from Dada, in view of the fact th at they reveal the influence of the idea of the unconscious mind.2 Andre Masson was very passionate for automatic drawing. By forcing himself to work under very strict conditions, Masson would for example draw under the influence of drugs or after long periods of time without food nor sleep. By forcing himself into a reduced state of consciousness he believed it would facilitate his art to get closer to the mechanism of his subconscious mind and therefore be free from rational control.Bison on the brink of a chasm 1944, Andre MassonVeristicismThe Veristic Surrealists, viewed academic discipline as the assets to correspond images of the subconscious with reality. This was a way for them to congeal images that normally would be forgotten if not recorded. They aimed in discovering a way to go after the images of the subconscious until the conscience could be aware of their significance. The image itself is the language of the subconscious, as the consciousness learned to interpret the images so that it could translate it into its true meaning. For the Veristic surrealists, the images represent a metaphor for the inner reality. They wanted to authentically characterize these images as a bond between the abstract spiritual realities, and the real forms of the material world. 6The Veristic surrealists split from Automatism principally by defining the unconscious as visualized by psychiatrist Carl Jung. The universal unconscious was Jungs theory that every individual holds an instinctive knowledge and understanding of images, as the images are universal in nature and recur constantly in literature and art. Veristic surrealists hoped to understand and gain access to unconscious thoughts by looking into the image and what it represents.Paintings of the Veristic Surrealists usually consisted of images portraying people and objects which appeared to look realistic but were shown in an odd manner. A good way to define Veristic Surrealism is as representational Surrealism . almost of the most famous painters of Veristic Surrealism were Salvador Dal, Rene Magritte and Max Ernst.Veristic Surrealism in its progression has become a new kind of art that in the words of Donald Kuspit, Must first show that it has democratic appeal-appeal to those generally unschooled in art or not professionally interested in it. Then it must suffer a period of aristocratic rejection by those schooled in an accepted and thereby traditional form of art-those with a vested interest in a known art and concerned with protecting it at all costs.6 Individuals who are able to follow the images of the subconscious, and with endurance, cannot only paint their thoughts but also analyze them carefully, have a great understanding of the spiritual interactions between the psychological, and the physical areas.Salvador Dal and Veristic SurrealismSalvador Dal is an example of a famous and successful Veristic surrealism painter. He often juxtaposes contrary or anachronistic images into hi s art work which follow similar ideas coming directly from Dadaism. Salvador Dal expressed his thoughts in his paintings through symbols and imagery in a direct and vulgar way which relates more closely to the way in which the Dadaists approached their ideas. On the contrary, Dal believed that art should be studied and mastered, and that artistic skill was of great importance, which is something the Dadaists principally did not follow. Dadaism made anti-art, unattractive art made to frown upon the bourgeois and to make a higher statement of their values against them. Salvador Dal also believed that expression of the unconscious would be revealed through metaphor when analyzing a painting. 17

Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession

Role of the measure Surveying ProfessionIn order to identify the role of the cadence surveyor in the modern UK industry we will review his implications and duties during all the different stages of the construction cycle.Also and for information we will review how a Client appoints a bill surveyor and when, in order to belowstand his early involvements in the process.And final examly we will explain how the surveyor claims his requitals and how the Client paid the QS services.But firstly, lets go in the ancient to understand where the job of quantity surveyor comes from and when it first appears in the UK.HISTORYThe quantity surveyor profession freighter trace its roots back to the rebuilding of London aft(prenominal) the Great fireROLE OF A criterion SURVEYOR NOWADAYS metre surveyors are the accountants of the building profession planning and managing constitutes of construction projects from start to finish. amount of money surveyors (or QSs as they are known, since its a bit of a mouthful) either work for a private QS practice and act on behalf of clients or for a detection firm which carries out construction work.This profession is certainly not all hard hats and wellies. In fact the role of the quantity surveyor has changed so dramatically in recent years that the profession doesnt always answer to the name of quantity surveying any more thanYou will often see private practices referring to themselves as cost consultants and project managers because of the nature of the work they now handle. Due to the recession, QSs have had to adapt or die and there are now fewer, larger private practices than always before taking on a broader remit of work.No longer do quantity surveyors just measure and price work, they have a more strategic role. Nowadays the QS is conglomerate at all stages of a project from preparing tenders and planning costs to preparing final bills of quantities essentially, making sure projects are planned and finish to cost and qu ality, on time.UK construction professionals are respected abroad and, partly in response to the depressed home market, many UK firms have developed an world-wide outlook.WHEN TO APPOINT A QUANTITY SURVEYORIn order that maximum benefit can be gained from his skill a Quantity surveyor should be appointed by any client as soon as possible in the life of a project, preferably at the arising of a scheme, so that the QSs advices can be provided onThe costs of the project (meet the Clients budget).The best procurement route can be selected according to the Client requirements.Selection of others consultants and keep downors.It is recommended that a Client and his Quantity surveyor should meet and discuss the appointment before any agreement is reached, unless the services provided by the Qs is to be restricted in the process.HOW TO SELECT AND APPOINT A QUANTITY SURVEYORThere are three methods available when it comes to select a Quantity surveyorSelection based on existing knowledgeA Cl ient whitethorn select and then appoint a QS using existing knowledge of the surveyors performance and reputation. This may a result of past succefull project, good relationship or by recommandations from others.Selection from a panel maintained by a ClientA Client may maintain a panel of Quantity surveyors. He will have records of their experience which will enable him to make any selection or appointment.Selection from an ad hoc list produced by a ClientIf a Client cannot make a decision using any of the two others methods it may be more appropriate produce an ad hoc list.Whichever of the above methods of selection is used it is important for the selection criteria to include the followingThe financial standing of the QS under considerationThe experience, competence and reputation of each prognosis for equal chance.Their ability to provide the services required by the Client.SERVICES OFFERED BY A QUANTITY SURVEYORThis diagram shows the different phases of the construction cycle. The Quantity surveyor is involved in each of these phases. The following will explain what the duties of the QS are during the construction cycle.Quantity surveying in Construction phasesInception and feasibilityAt inception and feasibility the Quantity surveyor has the duty ofLiaise with client and other consultants to determine the Clients requirements and development of the full brief.Advise on selection of other consultants.Advise on implications of proposed project and liaise with other experts to develop such advice.Advise on the most appropriate procurement route.Establish Clients order of priorities for quality, time and cost. work up initial budget estimate from feasibility proposals. have overall project cost calculations and cash flow projections.Design stageDuring the design stage the Qs willPrepare and develop preliminary cost plan.Advise on cost of design teams proposals.Monitor cost implications during detailed design stage.Maintain and develop cost plan, and furbish up periodic reports and up involutiond cash flow forecasts.Tender documentsDuring this stage, the Quantity surveyor willAdvise on tendering and contractual arrangements taking into accounts the Clients priorities and information available from designers.Advise on indemnification responsibilities and liaise with Clients insurance advisers.Advise on warranties.Advise on bonds for performances and other purposes.Prepare tender and contract documents in conjunction with the Clients and members of design team.Provide copies of documentations as concurAdvise on use and/or amendments of standard form of contract or contribute to drafting of particular requirements in association with Clients lawful advisers.Draw up form of contact, obtain contract drawings from members of the design team and prepare and deliver to both parties contract copies of all documents.Tender selection and appraisalAt this stage of the tender actions phase the Qs has toAdvise on shortlisting prospective tenderer s.Investigate tenderers and advise the Client on financial status and experience.Attend pre-contract question with tenderers.Arrange delivery of documents to selected tenderers.Check tender submissions for accuracy, level of pricing.Advise on errors and qualifications and, if necessary, negotiate the offers.Advise on submission of programme of work and method statement.Prepare appropriate documentation if necessary, to adjust the tender received to an acceptable contract sum.Review financial budget in view of tenders received and prepare rewrite cash flow.Prepare tender reports with appropriate recommendations.ConstructionDuring the construction the Quantity surveyor willPrepare recommendations for interim payments to contractors, subcontractors and suppliers in accordance with the contract requirements.Post contractDuring this last stage of the construction cycle the Qs willValue designers draft for varying the project before issue.Prepare periodic cost reports in agreed format a t specified intervals including any allocations of cost and/or copies as requested by third parties.Prepare the final account.Attend meetings as provided under agreements.Provide copies of documentation as provided under the agreement.PAYMENTSThe Client shall pay the QS for the performance of the services the fees and charges in such instalments as are set in the fee offer clause. All fees and charges under the agreement are exclusive of value added Tax which if due shall be paid concurrently in addition. The due date for payment shall be 7 days after the date of the submission of the invoice. The quantity surveyor when submitting his invoice shall on each invoice confirm the basis on which the stated amount is calculated.The final date for payment has to be 21 days after the due date for payment. The payment has to be made no later than the final date for payment.Any amount due to the Quantity surveyor under the agreement which remain unpaid by the client after the final date must be bear interest at the rate stated in the fee offer clause.BIBLIOGRAPHYClient guide to the Appointing a Quantity Surveyor, first edition(February 1992 RICS booksCost Planning of Buildings, Eighth Edition Ferry and BrandonLecture notes 2010 Discipline Project 2RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007 amended Nov 2008

Greek Colonization in the Archaic Period

Greek Colonization in the Archaic PeriodIdentify and Discuss the Main Elements elating the Spread ofGreek Colonies During the Archaic PeriodIntroductionBetween around 800 and 5001 the Greek states embarked upon a widespread dependance movement by the 6th coke Greek colonies were scattered throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It was as a direct result of this colonisation movement that Greek culture was disseminated to Africa, Asia and grey Europe, it was a movement that changed the economic and cultural history of the whole region (Bradley, 1988, 20).Motivation for ColonisationIt is often assumed, based upon the original claim of Thucydides, and recently exemplified by Sealey (1976, 31), that colonisation was a direct result of land hunger2 occasiond by overpopulation of the mother urban center and a lack of local resources to feed burgeoning heels. He claims promote for this idea croupe be found in the foundation of Cyrene (Herodotus 4.150-158). The colonists were s ent out by Thera after a period of famine, but this does not at all in all support the idea that colonists were sent out by overpopulated cities, but that some colonies wee the result of natural disaster.The theory of exploding population as a direct cause for much of the colonisation movement kindle easily be defeated the assumption of increasing numbers comes from the archaeological evidence for greater numbers of grave in places like Attica and the Argolid (Cawkwell, 1992, 57). Athens, however, sent out no colonies before the end of the 7th century and Argos n matchless at all. The archaeological evidence also suggests that the number of burials declined in the 7th century implying a population decrease, if the logic is followed through, during the period when Athens sent out here dependence. It would be unsafe to assume one without the other. What the archaeology is to the highest degree likely giving us evidence of is a change in fashion through the archaic period.Alleviat ing pressure on the get able lad was almost certainly one motivation, but this would have been as a result of some natural disaster, such as the drought on Thera mentioned above (Herodotus 4.150-158 cf. Sealey, 1976, 31).Towards the beginning of the last century, it was believed that at most sites in the west, notably in Sicily, Greek pottery had been imported by natives before the colonists arrived. From this it was commonsensical to infer that tidy sum was an important and perhaps decisive factor in the colonising movement (Bury Meiggs, 1994, 70) this assumption has long been disputed, however. The current balance of archaeological opinion is that there is no certain evidence of allot with Sicily before the colonists arrived (Bury Meiggs, 1994, 70). There is little doubt, however, that trade was a very significant factor in the colonisation of the Mediterranean, as exemplified by the foundation of Naucratis in Egypt (Herodotus 2.178) it was traders who knew of the most adva ntageous places to settle and trading links were maintained with the mother city (Sealey, 1976, 31 cf. Murray, 1980, 107).Who were the colonists?As observe above, traders often formed part of the population of some(prenominal) of the colonies, or at the very least colonists would have been relying heavily on information supplied by traders (Murray, 1980, 107). It should gain be noted that the two earliest known colonies, Al Mina and Pithecusae,3 were both established as trading posts (Bury Meiggs, 1994, 70). Murray argues (Murray, 1980, 108), however, that in general terms trade tended to be a consequence of colonial activity and not its main driving might and thus the main constituents of a colony were almost unendingly farmers and craftsmen looking for what can only be described as a better like. The colonies always were intended to be self sufficient and so members of a colonising expedition were made up of all classis and trades (Hammond, 1959, 114). In the larger colonies , settlers tended to come in several waves, the latter settlers tending to be of lower status in the colony and being known as epoikoi (Hammond, 1959, 114).Which cities colonise?Many Greek city states and islands participated in the colonising movement, including Chalcis in Euboea, Corinth (for colonisation of Corcyra, Strabo 6.2.4), Megara, Rhodes, Crete most of whom founded colonies in Sicily. Southern Italy was colonised largely by the Achaen states of the northern Peloponnese such as Sybaris and Croton (Sealey, 1976, 32). In the due northen Aegean area, the three pronged peninsula that became known as the Chalcidide was so cal lead because of the many foundations from Chalcis, some in that region were also from Andros. The Bosphorus area was colonised by Megara and many colonies in the Black Sea came from the Ionian Greek states such as Miletus (Sealey, 1976, 33).It is perhaps more notable as to which states did not participate in the colonisation movement In any significant w ay, Sparta only founded one colony at Tarentum (Sealey, 1976, 32-3). in Southern Italy, and Athens likewise only founded o single colony whilst Argos founded none at all. A comprehensive list of all Greek foundations in the Archaic period can be found in Hammond, 1959, 657-660.Which areas were colonised?The first wave of Greek colonisation was felt most strongly in Sicily (Thucydides 6.1ff) and slightly later, southern Italy. After this initial burst of activity, the islands and promontories of the northern Aegean and along the coast of Macedon and Thrace were settled. The entrance to the Black Sea was colonised in the early 7th century and the Black Sea region probably at some point after that, although the dating for this is far from certain. North Africa seems to have been the focus of settlement activity in the mid 7th century with Cyrene being founded around 630. Around 600 the Phoenicians established a number of colonies in southern France,4 and in Spain5 (Murray, 1980, 104). The colonisation movement essentially ended in 580, geographically the best sites had all been occupies by then and the only significant rest area in the Adriatic was had a barren and inhospitable coastline (Murray, 1980, 104).What was the relationship to the mother city?When the primary colony of a city state itself founded a subordinate word colony, it was common to invite a citizen from the mother state as oikistes and transplanted the same institutions for example, the Corcyreans founded Epidamnus under the leadership of a Corinthian. We also know that Spartas foundation, Taras, had a college of ephors and Euesperides, a colony of Cyrene, both ephors and a gerousia (Hammond, 1959, 112). The sense of kinship with the founding colony was, therefore, exceptionally strong. The attachment was no doubt because of a sense of debt and gratitude felt by the colonists towards the mother city for organising the settlers in the first place. As noted above, however, colonies were intended to by self sufficient and once they were firmly established the cord was cut. It was a symbol of the independence of the colony that it worshipped not its founding city, but its oikistes, even if he was of alien origin as at Epidamnus (Hammond, 1959, 112). Some privileges were now and then extended to the foundress, such as a request to arbitrate a dispute, but they were also frequently offered to other cities also. The relationship between founder and colony did not always remain friendly after the colony essentially became independent, the best possible example of this being the complex dispute between Corinth, Corcyra and Epidamnus that led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (Rhodes, 2006, 82ff).ConclusionThe Greek colonisation movement had no single individual cause, it was partly the result of land hunger caused by natural disaster in some city states, almost certainly the result of expansion in some states, the result of a desire for trade revenues by some. Colonies were always intended to be independent and not simply an extension of the home city so the motivation of colonisation is hard to understand unless we realise that it was usually not the city that was the driving force behind the desire to settle abroad but probably the main driving force came from citizens rather than it states. Individual citizens largely drove colonisation no doubt seeking a tract of land for themselves and their children, something they may never have been able to achieve in their home state.Most city states took part in the colonisation movement, but a number of the most powerful, Athens, Sparta and Argos, did not so we can reasonably assume that colonisation did not add greatly, if at all, to the military or economic strength, or perhaps even prestige of the founding city again supporting the view that the movement was largely from citizens rather than states.BibliographyP. Bradley, Ancient Greece Using Evidence (London 1988)J. B. Bury R. Meiggs, A story of Gree ce (London 1994)G. Cawkwell, Early Colonisation, CQ 1992N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 BC (Oxford, 1959)O. Murray, Early Greece (Glasgow 1980)P. J. Rhodes, A History of the Classical Greek World, 478-323BC (Oxford 2006)R. Sealey, A History of the Greek City States 700-338 BC (London 1976)1Footnotes1 All dates are BC unless otherwise stated.2 Argument of Thucydides in Bury Meiggs, 1994, 70.3 Both established before 750.4 e.g. Massalia.5 e.g. Emporion.

Indias Economy and Infrastructure :: India Economy

Indias Economy and InfrastructureOVERVIEWIndia is rich in natural resources and manpower and has made significant economical progress since attaining independence in 1947. Indias economy encompasses traditional village farming, forestry, fishing, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. Economy transformed from primarily agriculture, forestry, fishing, and material manufacturing in 1947 to major heavy industry, transfer of training, and telecommunications industries by late 1970s. Central government planning in 1950 through late 1970s giving way to economic reforms and more private-sector initiatives in 1980s and 1990s. A sophisticated industrial base has been created and a large pool of skilled manpower has emerged. Nevertheless, 67% of Indias labor impel (nearly 400 million) works in agriculture, which contributes 30% of the countrys GDP. Production, trade, and investment reforms since 1991 have provided new opport unities for Indian businesspersons and an estimated 300 million middle class consumers. New Delhi has avoided debt rescheduling, attracted outside investment, and revive confidence in Indias economic prospects since 1991. Many of the countrys fundamentals - including savings rates (26% of GDP) and reserves (now about $24 billion) - are healthy. Inflation eased to 7% in 1997, and interest rates dropped to between 10% and 13%. Even so, the Indian Government needs to restore the early momentum of reform, especially by keep reductions in the extensive remaining government regulations. Moreover, economic policy changes have not yet significantly increased jobs or reduced the risk that planetary financial strains will reemerge within the next few years. Nearly 40% of the Indian population remains too poor to afford an adequate diet. Indias exports, currency, and foreign institutional investment were affected by the East Asian crisis in late 1997 and early 1998, but capital account con trols, a low proportionality of short-term debt to reserves, and enhanced supervision of the financial sector helped insulate it from near term balance-of-payments problems. Export growth, has been slipping in 1996-97, averaging only about 4% to 5%a large drop from the more than 20% increases it was experiencing over the prior three yearsmainly because of the fall in Asian currencies relative to the rupee. Energy, telecommunications, and transportation shortages and the legacy of inefficient factories constrain industrial growth, which expanded only 6.7% in 1997down from more than 11% in 1996. Growth of the agricultural sector is tranquilize fairly slow rebounding to only 5.7% in 1997 from a fall of 0.1% in 1996. Agricultural investment has slowed, while costly subsidies on fertilizer, food distribution, and rural electricity remain.

Personal Narrative- Photo :: Personal Narrative Photograph Picture

Personal Narrative- Photo call back to the times of your youth, when a family member or friend would grace you with a gift? Remember that butterfly feeling you would get in the pit of your stomach and work itself outward and make you tingle with anticipation? Remember waking up primeval on Christmas morning way ahead of your parents only to attempt to wait patiently until they arose? Remember the moans of despair when they finally did clamber out of their bed to distinguish you that breakfast must be eaten first-class honours degree before gifts are opened? And remember the giggles that escaped ones lips when they grin mischievously and say just kidding?There was forever one wrapped gift that stood apart from the rest. For weeks you gazed and pondered what on earth it could contain. At night as the sandman sang his sweet song in your ear you could unchurch that the gaily wrapped parcel was singing in unison, murmuring open me first over and over again.On my mantel sits a photo t hat captures this feeling. The likeness was not taken at Christmastime, but on an ordinary day which makes that day even more special to those involved. This photo rests within a snowy ceramic frame illuminated with two tiny, pink flowers with delicate green runners emanating outward on opposing sides of the frame. Another flower rests within, a flower in bloom. Daffodil eyes squinting in merriment, rosebud lips stretched to their outermost reaches, grasping for the sun, and cherry blossom cheeks glistening as with the morning dew This is my daughter Daisy. She sits atop the very first bike she has ever had. (A gift from Easter Seals, made especially for her.) She knows she is special and her heart is full of gladness.She beams at those surrounding her running circles about them with her laughter chase in her wake. What a magnificent steed she has She learns quickly how to control this beast and have it obey her slightest wishes. Right now, at this exact moment in time, all is r ight on with the world.